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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second-harmonic generation study of domain walls in xBi2Ti4O11-(1−x)Bi4Ti3O12 films with large dielectric permittivity (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 3172-3177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Phase-sensitive second-harmonic generation (SHG) is employed to investigate domain patterns of c-axis oriented xBi2Ti4O11-(1−x)Bi4Ti3O12 films on SrTiO3 (001) substrates. The film density increases with increasing Bi2Ti4O11 concentration up to x=0.39. No SHG signal was observed on the Bi2Ti4O11 film. Double peaks appear in the curves of the dependence of the SHG signal on the fundamental polarization (0°–180°), which suggests the net polarization of Bi4Ti3O12 domains oriented along SrTiO3 [110] and [11¯0] directions. Under transverse electric field poling along the SrTiO3 [100] direction, the films with x=0.06 and 0.12 behave differently. The double peak intensities both increase monotonically with increasing ±E fields in the film with x=0.06. However, they change reversibly for the film at x=0.12 with increasing voltage from −2.0 to +2.1 kV. Theoretical modeling suggests the possibility of 180° wall motion with an uncorrelated phase relation for the film with x=0.06, but 90° wall motion with a complete phase relation for the film with x=0.16. The large dielectric permittivity for the film with x=0.39 is assumed to come from the 90° wall motion. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1445497
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigation for the time-dependent effect in electrorheological fluids under time-regulated high pulse electric field (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 3573-3576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new time-regulated high-voltage power supply is designed to investigate the dynamic process of the particle–particle interaction in electrorheological (ER) fluids. Its shortest acting time on the particle is less than 200 ns and the field strength can be adjusted linearly from 0 to 15 kV. At a field strength of 1.2 kV/mm, it is found that the initial response time of the glass microsphere is 18 ms and the respective chain and column formation times are measured to be about 125 and 900 ms. During particle aggregation, a sensitive shear stress device is applied to test the time dependence of ER effect and the results indicate that there exist three different stages of increasing effect. In addition, it is found that the aggregation of the microspheres becomes faster and the interaction among particles is much stronger under higher field strength. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149140
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetic materials-based electrorheological fluids (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 2529-2531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A type of electrorheological (ER) system, denoted the magnetic materials-based electrorheological fluids, is introduced. The solid particles of this system are 40–50 μ-microspheres obtained by the sol–gel processing of a ferroelectric material containing a ferromagnetic component. Since the solid material is magnetic, the presence of a small magnetic field, such as that from a small permanent magnet, can suspend the microspheres in liquid. The incorporation of a small amount of magnetic materials thereby solves the long standing problem of particle sedimentation in ER fluids. It is found that this type of ER fluid is very stable and exhibits a strong ER effect at low electric field. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120108
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigation of dipole-dipole interaction in a water-free glass particle/oil electrorheological fluid (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 3659-3661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the dipole interaction in a water-free glass/oil electrorheological fluid under an alternating electric field is presented in this letter. The values of the dielectric constant ε and conductivity σ of glass and oil with respect to the frequency of the external electric field are measured, respectively. Corresponding to the changes in ε and σ, the square of the absolute dielectric mismatch parameter |β| {β=(ε˜p(ω)−ε˜f(ω)]/[ε˜p(ω)+2ε˜f(ω)], where ε˜=ε+σ/iε0ω, and subscripts p and f indicate the glass and oil} decreases as the frequency is increased. After comparing the variation tendency of the |β|2 with the yield stress of the electrorheological (ER) fluid in a measured frequency range we found that they coincide very well. This result confirms that the polarization theory can explain the mechanism of the ER effect not only in a dc electric field but also in that with a wide frequency range. However, the interaction within the multipoles should be considered in an exact calculation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115762
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency dependence of metal-particle/insulating oil electrorheological fluids (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2147-2148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The frequency dependence of the shear stress of metal-particle/insulating oil electrorheological (ER) fluids under an ac electric field has been studied. The results show that the shear stress of the metal-particle ER fluid under a fixed electric field increases with increasing frequency and then tends to a saturated value at higher frequency. The shear stress at 103 Hz is much larger than that under a dc field. The transition of the shear stress shifts to higher frequency when the conductivity of the fluid is larger. The measurements are consistent with the theoretical model proposed by Davis [J. Appl. Phys. 73, 680 (1993)]. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114748
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic dielectric properties of structured electrorheological fluids (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 3070-3072 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We present an approach to monitor the structure-induced anisotropic dielectric properties of electrorheological fluids. The particles used are made from uniform glass microspheres coated with an inner magnetic layer and an outer dielectric layer. Under an applied magnetic field, the particles are found to form columnar structures with a body-centered-tetragonal crystalline arrangement inside the columns. It is shown that the structure-induced dielectric constant can be consistently explained through first-principles calculations. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122675
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A primary x-ray investigation of the turning of ferroelectric microspheres contained in electrorheological fluids under a direct current electric field (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 1046-1047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An x-ray diffraction method is introduced to probe the turning of ferroelectric singlecrystal microspheres suspended in electrorheological (ER) fluids. The microspheres used in the experiment have their permanent dipoles polarized in the same direction. Our initial results show that the x-ray diffraction amplitude in some crystal planes will increase when a fixed dc electric field is applied to the ER fluids. We argue that the enhancement of the diffraction is due to the reorientation of the crystal planes which is caused by the turning of the permanent dipoles in the ferroelectric microspheres under an external electric field. The particle turning has not attracted much attention in the past. We propose that further work should be performed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116243
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency-induced structure variation in electrorheological fluids (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3821-3823 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We show that by changing the frequency of the externally applied electric field there can be significant variation in the column structure of the electrorheological (ER) fluids, with attendant yield stress implications. This phenomenon is quantitatively explained by the Debye-type relaxation associated with ER fluids' solid particles. First-principle predictions based on the Debye-type dielectric constant are in excellent agreement with the experiments. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1329860
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern transitions induced by the surface properties of suspended microspheres in electrorheological fluid (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 9 (1997), S. 1826-1829 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In our previous Letter [Phys. Fluids 8, 2789 (1996)] we reported a new kind of netlike structure formed by metal microspheres suspended in silicon oil. In this paper we present further experimental results showing that different patterns are formed depending on whether metal, semiconducting, or dielectric microspheres are presented in the electric field. In addition, several experiments are performed on the surface properties of suspended microspheres and it is found that a pattern transition occurs when the surface conductivity of the solid phase is changed. This phenomenon can also be observed in a glass/oil ER fluid if the glass particles absorb enough water. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869482
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new net-like structure formed by a metal/oil electrorheological fluid (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 2789-2791 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new kind of net-like structure formed by the metal spheres suspended in a metal/oil electrorheological (ER) fluid is reported for the first time in this Letter. The experimental results show that this structure is totally different from that formed by dielectric particles. After comparing the two formation patterns, it is found that the dielectric particles in certain ER fluids align themselves into chains or columns in the direction of the external electric field. The metal particles in a metal/oil ER fluid, on the other hand, form a net-like structure of chains and no column could be observed even when the ER fluid has been exposed to a high electric field. We attribute the net-like structure of the metal ER fluid to the strong interaction between dipole fields induced on the metal particles under the external electric field. Finally, the dielectric properties of the different structures were measured and are discussed in this paper. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869096
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