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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fixation induces differential tip morphology and immunolocalization of the cytoskeleton in pollen tubes (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 93 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of chemical fixation on tip morphology and immunolocalization of the cytoskeleton in Tradescantia virginiana pollen tubes were evaluated using lour different fixation protocols differing in fixative type/concentration, fixation time, buffer system and additives. Apical regions were much more sensitive to fixation manipulations than more basipetal areas. The presence of the calcium chelator EGTA at 5 mM led to tip rupture and/or swelling in over 80% of germinated grains. However, low or no EGTA levels during fixation resulted in poor immunolocalizations, although lips had more normal morphology. Double fixation in which pollen tubes were first treated for a short period with higher fixative and lower EGTA (0.5 mM) concentrations, followed by lower fixative and higher EGTA (5.0 mM) concentrations, resulted in both improved preservation of pollen lube tip morphology and microfilament/microtubule localizations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb05128.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical (NaOH) Peeling as Viewed by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Pimiento Peppers as a Case Study (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 52 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine microstructural changes of pimiento peppers (Capsicum annum L. cv. ‘Truhart’) treated with different NaOH (lye) solutions (1,4, and 9%), maintained at 80°C, for various times (1, 2, and 3 min). Photomicrographs indicated that NaOH removes the epicuticular and cuticular waxes, diffuses uniformly into the fruit where it breaks down epidermal and hypodermal cell walls, and solubilizes the middle lamella causing separation of the skin. In severe treatments the lye also dissolves the parenchyma cells of the mesocarp resulting in considerable loss during processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1987.tb14071.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollen germination, tube growth and morphology, and microtubule organization after exposure to benomyl (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 96 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The inhibitory effects of benomyl on pollen tube growth have received little attention, particularly at the microscopic and immunohistochemical levels. Pollen germination and tube growth in the presence of benomyl were evaluated in Tradescantia virginiana to investigate the effects of this fungicide on pollen germination rate, tube growth and morphology, and microtubule (Mt) organization. Benomyl was incorporated in germination media at 0,480, 600 or 720 mg 1−1. Inhibition of pollen germination, cytoplasmic streaming, and tube elongation were associated with benomyl treatments. Benomyl also induced abnormal pollen tube morphology and Mt organization. Compared to controls, Mts in the treated tubes were characteristically fewer in number, fragmented, sinuous and increasingly disorganized. At the two highest benomyl concentrations, Mts were considerably fewer or absent in apical/subapical regions of the pollen tubes. This work verifies that benomyl incorporated into germination media at concentrations lower than recommended field rates inhibit pollen germination and tube growth, and that the effects are associated with alterations of Mt organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb00196.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cortical microtubule organization in Vitis protoplasts as affected by concentration of enzyme isolation medium and duration of incubation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 77 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Protoplasts of Vitis rotundifolia Michx. cv. Summit were isolated from mesophyll of axenic shoot cultures under different enzyme concentrations and digestion times. Viability and plating efficiency were assessed and related to the cortical microtubule network, visualized using immunofluorescence. Higher concentrations of enzyme isolation medium significantly decreased protoplast viability and plating efficiency. However, the cortical microtubule network appeared stable, at all concentrations with dense, continuous microtubule strands in both random and parallel arrays. In contrast, longer vs shorter enzyme incubation duration resulted in significantly lower plating efficiency, which was correlated with changes in cortical microtubule organization. With longer incubation, the frequency of parallel microtubule strands decreased; microtubule organization showed increasing disruption, microtubule strands were shortened, fragmented and exhibited only a weak fluorescence labeling. Both high enzyme concentration and prolonged incubation periods negatively affected protoplast regenerability, but in different ways. Microtubule organization was sensitive to duration of incubation, but not to enzyme concentration. It is concluded that the presence of a well-developed cortical microtubule network does not gurantee regeneration. Other factors related to isolation appear to be involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1989.tb05973.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of a triazole fungicide, propiconazole, on pollen germination, tube growth and cytoskeletal distribution in Tradescantia virginiana (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 210-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Microfilament ; Microtubule ; Pollen tube growth ; Propiconazole ; Tradescantia virginiana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of propiconazole on germination and tube growth of Tradescantia virginiana pollen when incorporated in germination media at 0, 102, 136, or 170 μl l−1 were evaluated using light microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Propiconazole inhibited pollen germination, cytoplasmic streaming, and tube elongation. Treatments also induced abnormal tube morphology and cytoskeletal distribution. Tubes treated with propiconazole displayed weaker microfilament (Mf) signals along the pollen tubes, with amorphous staining. Microtubule (Mt) distribution was also severely affected. In treated tubes, the proximal portions had characteristically fragmented Mts. Fewer Mt bundles were seen in the subapical region, and these were located further from the apex. Propiconazole effects were generally concentration dependent. The results indicate that propiconazole affects both Mfs and Mts; however, the effects may be an indirect result of the drug's influence on membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228939
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaflets of peanut, Arachis hypogaea (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Somatic embryos were induced on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) leaflets from aseptically germinated embryo axes. Leaflet size influenced percent somatic embryogenesis; 5–8 mm long cut leaflets were superior to 2–3 mm long uncut leaflets. Maximum embryogenesis of 14.6% was obtained after a 15 d incubation on induction medium (modified MS with B5 vitamins, 30 g/l sucrose, 4 g/l Gel-Gro, 40 mg/l 2,4-D +0.2 mg/l kinetin) followed by transfer to a secondary medium with 5 mg/l 2,4-D+0.2 mg/l kinetin. Primary somatic embryos were fused along the axes with no distinct cotyledons, but secondary embryos had single axes with two cotyledons. Other treatments had lower percent embryogenesis, no secondary embryogenesis, and embryos with single axes with two cotyledons. Some somatic embryos converted into normal plants capable of greenhouse survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235256
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of auxin type and concentration on pecan (Carya illinoinensis) somatic embryo morphology and subsequent conversion into plants (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 13 (1994), S. 607-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic cultures were initiated from immature pecan zygotic embryos. Explants were induced for one week on Woody Plant Medium with either α-naphthaleneacetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at 2, 6 or 12 mg/l, then subcultured monthly to fresh basal medium. Observations were made on callus production, embryo formation, and embryo morphology. Somatic embryo morphology and overall callus proliferation were affected by auxin type. Callus proliferation was less extensive and more somatic embryos resembling zygotic embryos were obtained from cultures initiated with α-naphthaleneacetic acid than with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Repetitive somatic embryogenesis was obtained in all auxin treatments. Conversion into plantlets was affected by somatic embryo morphology in that embryos with poorly developed apices exhibited lower percentages of conversion than those with well developed single or multiple apices. Consequently, although more embryos were obtained with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, naphthaleneacetic acid was the superior auxin for production of somatic embryos more likely to convert into plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232930
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of photoperiod and medium formulation on peanut somatic embryogenesis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 13 (1994), S. 159-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Somatic embryos were produced from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) immature zygotic cotyledons. Comparisons were made of the level of α-naphthaleneacetic acid during induction, nitrogen formulation of the medium, and photoperiod. Over 70% embryogenesis was obtained regardless of NAA level used. Percent embryogenesis and number of embryos were markedly lower in explants induced on NAA compared to 2,4-D. Embryo production was not greatly affected by either the use of Murashige & Skoog versus Finer & Nagasawa salts or light versus dark culture conditions. However, embryo morphology was noticeably affected by photoperiod. Embryos produced under a 16 h photoperiod were tough, woody and difficult to separate for subsequent germination and conversion. Those produced under a 0-h photoperiod were succulent and pliable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239884
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High frequency somatic embryogenesis in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using mature, dry seed (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 15 (1995), S. 38-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) somatic embryos were produced from the embryo axes of mature, dry seeds of cultivar GK-7. Percent embryogenic explants ranged from 88–100% using 10–40 mg/1 of 2,4-D in the induction medium. Neither 2,4-D concentration nor photoperiod during the induction period had a large effect on percent embryogenesis, mean number of embryos per explant, or embryo morphology. However, embryos obtained from cultures grown in the dark were easier to remove from the explant than those under a 16-h photoperiod. Somatic embryos developed on the epicotyl portion of the embryo axis, primarily on the young, expanding leaves. A survey of 14 genotypes indicated that genotype had a large influence on embryogenic capacity, with all genotypes being embryogenic to some extent. The ability to recover somatic embryos from axes of harvested, stored seeds represents significant advantages for the establishment of peanut embryogenic cultures, including the use of simple sterilization procedures and a constant source of explant tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01690250
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protoplast isolation and callus production from leaves of tissue-cultured Vitis spp. (1988)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 7 (1988), S. 531-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were isolated from mesophyll of axenic cultures of grape, Vitis rotundifolia cv. Summit and V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. Enzymes effective for protoplast isolation were Macerozyme R-10 (0.5% and 0.1%) and Cellulase Onozuka R-10 (1.0% and 0.5%) for V. rotundifolia and V. vinifera, respectively. Polyvinylpyrrolidone and 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid were essential in the isolation media. Protoplasts were purified using flotation/centrifugation. The protoplasts of V. rotundifolia cultured in Gamborg's B5 basal medium with 2.2 μM 6-benzyladenine, 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.4% agarose gave the best plating efficiency of conditions tried in this study. Cell division occurred within 5 to 6 days and visible microcalli developed within one month. After 6 weeks in culture, microcalli transferred to liquid medium exhibited active callus growth. Protoplasts of V. vinifera cultured under these conditions had similar results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272749
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