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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of cultivar on the rate and extent of combining pea straw degradability examined in vitro using the Reading Pressure Technique (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Grass and forage science 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Although about 225 000 t dry matter (DM) pea straw is produced annually in the UK, no recent data exist with respect to its nutritive value when offered to ruminants. This study, to examine field pea crop waste (straw) from 12 commercial cultivars of combining peas, was therefore undertaken when material grown as part of a European field pea network trial at Reading in 1998 was made available. The straw was subjected to chemical analysis and examined in vitro using the Reading Pressure Technique to generate gas production profiles and to determine both rate and extent of DM and organic matter degradation. Ash and crude protein (CP) concentrations (69 and 65 g kg–1 DM) were generally lower than published values for legume straws but higher, especially CP, than cereal straws. Neutral-detergent fibre concentrations were slightly lower, and metabolizable energy (ME) values, derived from degradable organic matter assessed in vitro (iOMD), higher than cereal straws, ranging from 6·0 to 8·1 MJ ME kg–1 DM. Both cumulative gas production and rate of gas release varied significantly between cultivars, as did degradation with 96-h iOMD values ranging from 468 to 602 g kg–1. By combining these with the quantity of material harvested, ME yields for the different cultivars were found to range from 15 to 27 GJ ME ha–1. Considerable, and general highly significant, variation was found between the cultivars examined, which may be used to rank straws with respect to their nutritive value. The cultivars Baccara and Solara followed by Athos and Vital were readily ranked higher than the other cultivars in terms of in vitro fermentation parameters and ME yields. These data suggest that pea straw, although often incorporated into the soil in post-harvest operations, shows excellent potential as a ruminant forage feedstuff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2001.00287.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes to temperature (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Air temperatures of greater than 35 °C are frequently encountered in groundnut-growing regions, especially in the semi-arid tropics. Such extreme temperatures are likely to increase in frequency under future predicted climates. High air temperatures result in failure of peg and pod set due to lower pollen viability. The response of pollen germination and pollen tube growth to temperature was quantified in order to identify differences in pollen tolerance to temperature among 21 groundnut genotypes. Plants were grown from sowing to harvest in a poly-tunnel under an optimum temperature of 28/22 °C (day/night). Pollen was collected at anther dehiscence and was exposed to temperatures from 10° to 47·5 °C at 2·5 °C intervals. The results showed that a modified bilinear model most accurately described the response to temperature of percentage pollen germination and maximum pollen tube length. Genotypes were found to range from most tolerant to most susceptible based on both pollen characters and membrane thermostability. Mean cardinal temperatures (Tmin, Topt and Tmax) averaged over 21 genotypes were 14·1, 30·1 and 43·0 °C for percentage pollen germination and 14·6, 34·4 and 43·4 °C for maximum pollen tube length. The genotypes 55-437, ICG 1236, TMV 2 and ICGS 11 can be grouped as tolerant to high temperature and genotypes Kadiri 3, ICGV 92116 and ICGV 92118 as susceptible genotypes, based on the cardinal temperatures. The principal component analysis identified maximum percentage pollen germination and pollen tube length of the genotypes, and Tmax for the two processes as the most important pollen parameters in describing a genotypic tolerance to high temperature. The Tmin and Topt for pollen germination and tube growth, rate of pollen tube growth were less predictive in discriminating genotypes for high temperature tolerance. Genotypic differences in heat tolerance-based on pollen response were poorly related (R2 = 0·334, P = 0·006) to relative injury as determined by membrane thermostability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00943.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature gradient chambers for research on global environment change. II. A twin-wall tunnel system for low-stature, field-grown crops using a split heat pump (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A temperature gradient chamber (TGC) is described which enables elevated CO2 concentrations and a dynamic temperature gradient to be imposed on field crops throughout their life cycle under standard husbandry. Air is circulated through two double-walled polyethylene-covered tunnels connected to a split heat pump system to give a near-linear temperature gradient along each tunnel. Solar energy gain along each tunnel and exchange with outer tunnel air flow contribute to the temperature gradient and also produce diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations corresponding to ambient conditions. Mean temperature gradients of between 3 and 5°C have been recorded throughout the growing seasons of crops of lettuce, carrot, cauliflower and winter wheat. Elevated or present CO2 concentrations are maintained in each of two pairs of tunnels throughout the cropping season using pure CO2 injected through motorized needle valves. This system can realistically simulate aspects of the effects of projected future environmental change on crop growth, development and yield, and in particular tin-possible interaction of the effects of increased CO2 and temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00617.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of alanine dehydrogenase and its role in mixed secretion of ammonium and alanine by pea bacteroids (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: N2-fixation by Rhizobium-legume symbionts is of major ecological and agricultural importance, responsible for producing a substantial fraction of the biosphere's nitrogen. On the basis of 15N-labelling studies, it had been generally accepted that ammonium is the sole secretion product of N2-fixation by the bacteroid and that the plant is responsible for assimilating it into amino acids. However, this paradigm has been challenged in a recent 15N-labelling study showing that soybean bacteroids only secrete alanine. Hitherto, nitrogen secretion has only been assessed from in vitro15N-labelling studies of isolated bacteroids. We show that both ammonium and alanine are secreted by pea bacteroids. The in vitro partitioning between them will depend on whether the system is open or closed, as well as the ammonium concentration and bacteroid density. To overcome these limitations we identified and mutated the gene for alanine dehydrogenase (aldA) and demonstrate that AldA is the primary route for alanine synthesis in isolated bacteroids. Bacteroids of the aldA mutant fix nitrogen but only secrete ammonium at a significant rate, resulting in lower total nitrogen secretion. Peas inoculated with the aldA mutant are green and healthy, demonstrating that ammonium secretion by bacteroids can provide sufficient nitrogen for plant growth. However, plants inoculated with the mutant are reduced in biomass compared with those inoculated with the wild type. The labelling and plant growth studies suggest that alanine synthesis and secretion contributes to the efficiency of N2-fixation and therefore biomass accumulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01884.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed Yield after Environmental Stress in Soybean Grown under Elevated CO2 (1999)
    Springer
    Crop science 39 (1999), S. 710-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0653
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, cv. Fiskeby V] grown under either ambient (aCO2; 360 μmol mol-1 CO2) or elevated (eCO2; 700 μmol mol-1 CO2) CO2 concentrations. Plants were grown in a glasshouse at either aCO2 or at eCO2 until 52 d after sowing (DAS). The 8-d stress treatments were then imposed before the plants were returned to their original environments. Across harvests, total biomass was 41% greater under eCO2 than under aCO2 but reduced by HT, WD, and HTWD under both CO2 concentrations. The relative response of total biomass to HT, WD, and HTWD episodes was the same for plants grown under either aCO2 or eCO2. At maturity, seed dry weight and number per plant under eCO2 were increased by an average of 32 to 22%, respectively, compared with aCO2. The same parameters were reduced after HTWD by 29 and 30%, respectively, in aCO2 and eCO2. Seed filling was earlier under HT and HTWD. The rate of change in harvest index was unaltered by CO2 while under HTWD, it decreased. Seed number explained 85% of the variation in yield, but yield was also related linearly to photosynthesis during seed filling, suggesting both are important determinants of yields under stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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