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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 19 (1996), S. 405-436 
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
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    Baltimore : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Human Biology. 64:3 (1992:June) 464 
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: D 2 receptors ; cAMP ; D 1 receptors ; nucleus accumbens ; D1/D2 interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electrophysiological effects of three selective D 1 dopamine (DA) receptor agonists, which exhibit different potencies and efficacies for stimulation of adenylate cyclase, were compared in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) using single unit recording and microiontophoretic techniques. The partial agonists SKF 75670 and SKF 38393, and the full agonist SKF 81297 produced nearly identical current-response curves for the inhibition of firing of NAc neurons. In rats acutely depleted of DA byα-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) pretreatment, all three D 1 agonists enabled the inhibition of firing produced by the selective D 2 receptor agonist quinpirole, with SKF 38393 exerting the greatest efficacy, followed by SKF 81297 and SKF 75670. Thus, no apparent relationship was found between the previously reported ability of these compounds to stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and their ability either to inhibit the firing of NAc neurons or to enable quinpirole-mediated inhibition of firing in DA-depleted rats. In addition, the membrane-permeable cAMP analog 8-bromo-cAMP also caused a current-dependent inhibition of the firing of NAc neurons, but failed to enable quinpirole-mediated inhibition in AMPT-pretreated animals. These results suggest either that only a small percentage of D 1 receptors need to be stimulated to produce these electrophysiological effects, or that D 1 receptors exist within the rat NAc which are linked to transduction mechanisms other than, or in addition to, adenylate cyclase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Cocaine ; Behavorial sensitization ; Dopamine D1 receptor ; Dopamine D2 receptor ; SKF 38393 ; Quinpirole ; Ventral tegmental area ; Nucleus accumbens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) system is intricately involved in sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine. Among the adaptations implicated in cocaine sensitization are transient subsensitivity of impulse-regulating DA D2 autoreceptors on ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons leading to hyperactivity of the mesoaccumbens DA pathway, and persistently enhanced DA D1 receptor responses of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons. We have tested the hypothesis that both of these adaptations are necessary to produce cocaine sensitization. We injected rats twice daily for 2 weeks with the selective DA D1 class receptor agonist SKF 38393, the DA D2 class receptor agonist quinpirole, or both. We then used single-cell recording procedures to determine possible alterations in VTA DA autoreceptor sensitivity and NAc D1 receptor sensitivity at three withdrawal times: 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. We also tested whether these treatments produced cross-sensitization to cocaine at each withdrawal time. Repeated quinpirole treatment produced a reduction in VTA autoreceptor sensitivity and cross-sensitization to cocaine, but these effects lasted for less than 1 week. Repeated SKF 38393 treatment produced enhanced NAc D1 responses which lasted for 1 week and cross-sensitization to cocaine which was only evident after 1 week of withdrawal. Repeated treatment with the combination of the two agonists transiently down-regulated autoreceptor sensitivity, enhanced and prolonged D1 receptor supersensitivity (lasting 1 month), and produced enduring cross-sensitization to cocaine. These results suggest that neuroadaptations within both the VTA and NAc may be necessary for the induction of enduring cocaine sensitization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Cystathionine β-synthase deficiency ; Homocystinuria ; Treatment ; Betaine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Strategies for the treatment of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency include (1) increasing residual enzyme activity by giving pyridoxine in those patients with vitamin responsive variants, (2) reducing the load on the affected pathway with a low methionine diet and supplementing the diet with cysteine; and (3) giving betaine in order to utilise alternative pathways to remove homocyst(e)ine. In our experience of over 30 years in the diagnosis and management of patients with CBS deficiency, a normal outcome can only be achieved in patients diagnosed and treated from infancy. Pyridoxine combined with folic acid prevents further deterioration in pyridoxine responsive patients. Dietary treatment of patients with non-pyridoxine reponsive CBS deficiency becomes more difficult outside childhood but since late complications are not uncommon must be continued for life. Betaine can be effective in this group but compliance is often poor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 151 (2000), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Keywords Behavioral sensitization ; Cocaine ; Drug addiction ; NMDA receptor ; Memantine ; Nucleus accumbens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale and objectives: Behavioral sensitization has been proposed as an animal model for the intensification of drug craving in cocaine addiction. Interactions between dopamine and glutamate systems are important for the induction and maintenance of sensitization. The goal of this study was to determine if established cocaine sensitization could be reversed by pharmacological manipulation of these transmitter systems. Methods: Rats received 15 mg/kg cocaine (IP) on days 1–10 and were challenged with cocaine (10 mg/kg) on day 13 to verify that sensitization had occurred. On days 14–20, separate groups of sensitized rats received daily injections of dopamine D1- or D2-class agonists, an NMDA receptor antagonist, or a dopamine agonist with an NMDA antagonist. Three days or 2 weeks later, all rats were again tested for their response to cocaine to determine if sensitization had been reversed. Results: Reversal of sensitization was produced by repeated administration of either a D1-class agonist (SKF 81297) or the combination of an NMDA receptor antagonist and a D2-class agonist. Effective combinations were cocaine+MK-801, quinpirole+MK-801, quinpirole+CGS 19755, and pergolide+memantine. The latter drugs are approved for human use. Reversal of sensitization persisted for at least 2 weeks after cessation of drug treatment. Electrophysiological studies revealed that these drug treatments also reversed dopamine D1 receptor supersensitivity in the nucleus accumbens, a cellular correlate of sensitization. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that pharmacotherapy can reverse behavioral and cellular adaptations associated with repeated cocaine administration, and may do so without the need for continued medication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 2 (1962), S. 204-210 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Results of an investigation of the accuracy of iron-constantan thermocouples in measuring transient surface temperatures produced by radiant heating on metallic specimens are given. The criterion of thermocouple accuracy was derived from the theory of heat conduction. The thermocouples were tested on metallic specimens of different thicknesses at varying heating rates. Comparison of these results with analytical criteria permitted quantitative determination of thermocouple errors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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