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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflux-induced renal parenchymal injury: evaluation by urinary enzyme management (1995)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 10 (1995), S. 108-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Vesico-ureteric reflux ; Paediatric ; Enzymuria ; STING
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The urinary enzymes N-acetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured in four paediatric cohorts. Group 1 (21 children) suffered from severe vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR), group 2 (9 children) had active e urinary sepsis without reflux, group 3 constituted the control group (84 children), and group 4 comprised 21 children who had undergone successful endoscopic corrective surgery for VUR. Excretion of both NAG and GGT was significantly greater in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (P 〈 0.05). Within group 1, those with reflux in association with a single ureteric system demonstrated greater enzyme excretion than those with reflux in a duplex moiety (P 〈 0.05). Following surgical correction of reflux (group 4), there was a significant reduction in urinary enzyme excretion (P 〈 0.001). A spectrum of renal tubular damage exists in association with VUR. Urinary enzyme measurement is an invaluable technique in the evaluation of such renal damage in reflux, and in quantitatively assessing the efficacy of treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171167
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary enzyme excretion patterns in children (1995)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 10 (1995), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Paediatric enzymuria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The need for a sensitive marker of renal parenchymal damage in children remains extant. The detection of renal scarring is presently dependant upon imaging modalities with the implicit problems of exposure to radiological investigation. We describe and evaluate urinary enzymology as a technique that may identify injury to the renal parenchyma from a variety of patho-physiological conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171168
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of Sorbinil on peripheral nerve conduction velocity, polyol concentrations and morphology in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat (1986)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 29 (1986), S. 168-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; aldose reductase ; neuropathy ; nerve conduction ; axon ; myelin ; Sorbinil ; polyol pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study examined the effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor, Sorbinil, on neuropathy over a 6-month period in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Sorbinil treatment prevented the 10-fold increase in nerve sorbitol found with diabetes. It produced a 60% improvement in tibial nerve motor conduction velocity after 6 months. Morphometric profiles of nerves were also normalised. Axon area was reduced by 14% in untreated diabetic rats compared to age-matched controls, whereas Sorbinil-treated animals showed normal age-related axon growth. Myelin area was increased by 28% in untreated diabetic animals, but was the same as age-matched controls with Sorbinil treatment. Nervemyo-inositol levels were reduced by 45% after three months of untreated diabetes, but were normal after ix months. Sorbinil treatmend tended to restore myo-inositol levels toward normal over the shorter time period. It was concluded that axon growth retardation is the most likely cause of the conduction deficit seen in longterm experimental diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427088
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat: Relationship to increased plasma renin activity (1987)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 21 (1987), S. 209-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclosporin A (CsA; 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg) was administered by gavage, daily for 4 days, to groups of normotensive rats. An additional group of animals received the drug vehicle. CsA-induced nephrotoxicity, characterized by reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urinary sodium flow, enzymuria and proximal tubular cell damage was accompanied by elevated plasma renin activity (PRA). These changes were dose-related at 50 and 100 mg/kg CsA, but were not increased by administration of 150 mg/kg. Circulating trough drug levels were related to dosage. Four days after CsA withdrawal in animals given 50 mg/kg, there was reduced nephrotoxicity and PRA had returned to normal, even though circulating CsA levels had not diminished. Rats given 100 and 150 mg/kg, however, showed no reduction in nephrotoxicity or in PRA. Hyperglycaemia was evident at 4 days in animals given 100 and 150 mg/kg CsA and persisted 4 days after drug withdrawal. There were no accompanying abnormalities in islet cell structure. Continuous administration of CsA (50 mg/kg) to rats for 14 days caused elevated PRA on day 4 but a return to normal levels by day 7. In contrast, significant GFR impairment was evident by day 7 whilst enzymuria was significantly increased from day 4 onwards. CsA nephrotoxicity in the rat is clearly associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Possible mechanisms leading to increased renin release are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974944
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunosuppressive activity and toxicity of cyclosporin A in rats pretreated with high dose cyclophosphamide (1985)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 17 (1985), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclophosphamide (Cy; 150 mg/kg) was administered (i.p.) to groups of Sprague-Dawley rats followed two days later by immunization with ovalbumin (OVA). From that time, cyclosporin A (CsA; 25 mg/kg) or its vehicle was given (p.o.) for a further 13 days. Control animals tested 14 days after immunization, showed strong Arthus-like and modest delayed-type skin reactions to OVA, in contrast to almost total inhibition in animals tested with Cy, CsA or both. Similar effects were observed with respect to serum anti-OVA antibody levels. Despite itself producing lymphopenia, CsA had no additional effect on the lymphocyte depletion caused by Cy. Both drugs, either alone or in combination, caused neutrophilia and monocytosis. An additional eosinophilia due to Cy was prevented by CsA. Cy induced splenomegaly, nodal extramedullary haemopoiesis and increases in both tissue eosinophils and marrow neutrophils. There was also lymphoid depletion in both spleen and lymph nodes which was enhanced by CsA. Thymic lymphoid atrophy was found only when CsA was given. Despite the powerful immunosuppressive properties of both drugs, detailed biochemical and structural analyses showed no other synergistic toxicity, apart from modest hepatic abnormalities. In particular, there was no enhancement of the nephrotoxicity of CsA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01966684
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclosporine: Immunology, toxicity and pharmacology in experimental animals (1984)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 15 (1984), S. 306-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclosporine (CsA) is the first of a new order of pharmacological immune suppressants and represents a significant advance in the clinical control of graft rejection. In laboratory animals, its capacity to prolong allograft survival has been well documented, including reports of indefinite donor-specific immunological tolerance after shortterm CsA treatment. There is also evidence that CsA can inhibit the onset or progress of a variety of experimental autoimmune diseases. Underlying these properties of the drug is its capacity to selectively interfere with T helper cell activation and lymphokine production, although some direct effects on B cells have also been reported. In addition, sparing of suppressor cells may in part explain the mode of action of CsA which, at the molecular level, is not understood. CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat has been extensively studied and is characterized by reversible proximal tubular cell damage. This problem may be aggravated by concomitant administration of other potentially nephrotoxic drugs, such as gentamicin, or by therapeutic agents which interfere with the metabolism of CsA. CsA is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the bile. Although the pathway of hepatic metabolism of CsA has not been precisely elucidated, animal studies suggest that agents capable of inducing metabolism of the drug CsA could be used to alleviate its nephrotoxic properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01972366
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary composition and acid-base status: limiting factors in the performance of maximal exercise in man? (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 56 (1987), S. 444-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: High intensity exercise ; Acid-base balance ; Blood lactate ; Diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven healthy male subjects exercised to exhaustion at a workload equivalent to 100% of their maximal oxygen uptake ( $$\dot V_{O_{2\max } }$$ ) on 3 separate occasions. Each high intensity exercise test was performed on an electrically braked cycle ergometer; the first took place after a normal diet (46±8% carbohydrate (CHO), 41±7% fat and 13±3% protein); the second after 3 days of a low CHO diet (7±3% CHO, 64±5% fat and 29±4% protein) and the third after 3 days of a high CHO diet (76±6% CHO, 14±5% fat and 10±2% protein). Acid-base status and selected metabolites were measured on arterialised venous blood at rest prior to exercise and during the post-exercise period. Plasma urea concentration and urine total acidity were measured on each day of the experiment. Exercise time to exhaustion was longer after the normal (p〈0.05) and high (p〈0.01) CHO diets compared with the low CHO diet. Pre-exercise plasma bicarbonate concentration and blood $${\text{P}}_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2}} }$$ were higher after the high CHO diet when compared with the normal (p=0.05, p〈0.05 respectively) and low CHO conditions (p〈0.05, p〈0.05 respectively). Pre-exercise bicarbonate was also higher after the normal CHO diet when compared with the low CHO diet (p〈0.05). Mean dietary acid intake for each 3 day period of dietary variation and plasma urea immediately prior to exercise were lower after the high CHO diet when compared to both normal (p〈0.01, p〈0.01) and low (p〈0.01, p〈0.001) CHO diets. They were also lower (p〈0.01, p〈0.01) after the normal when compared with the low CHO diet. Urine total acidity was higher after the low CHO diet when compared with both the normal (p〈0.01) and high CHO (p〈0.01) diets and near significance was found (p〈0.06) when comparing the normal and high CHO diets. The present exsuggests that dietary variation alone can significantly affect the acid-base balance of the blood and may thereby influence endurance time during high intensity exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417773
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dehydration and serum biochemical changes in marathon runners (1984)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 52 (1984), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Marathon running ; Dehydration ; Plasma volume ; Urine composition ; Hypoglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a competitive marathon race on serum biochemical and haematological parameters have been evaluated. Blood samples were obtained shortly before and immediately after the race; urine samples were also obtained before and after the race. Body weight was recorded pre- and post-race. During the race subjects consumed a total of 1.41 of either water or a dilute glucose-electrolyte solution. The average weight loss of the runners was 2.09±0.77 kg (mean ± SD), corresponding to 2.9±0.8% of body weight. Small but significant increases in both haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration occurred; plasma volume was calculated to decrease by 4.7%. Serum potassium concentration showed no change, but the response was highly variable; serum sodium concentration increased in line with the decrease in plasma volume. In the group of subjects drinking water during the race, the pre-race plasma glucose concentration was 5.3±1.2 mmol·l−1, this was unchanged after the race (5.0±1.2 mmol·l−1). A significant increase (P〈0.01) in the plasma glucose concentration, from 5.2±0.6 to 6.0±1.5 mmol·l−1 occurred in the group of subjects drinking the glucose-electrolyte solution. Apart from this, there were no significant differences between the two groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433390
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