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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crassulacean acid metabolism in australian vascular epiphytes and some related species (1983)
    Springer
    Oecologia 57 (1983), S. 129-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) among epiphytes and related plant species from tropical and subtropical rainforests in Eastern Australia was investigated. As judged from δ13C value and the absence of Kranz anatomy, indications of CAM were found in 66 species belonging to the families, Polypodiaceae (3), Orchidaceae (55), Asclepiadaceae (6) and Rubiaceae (2). Two thirds of orchidaceous plants examined appeared to use CAM. Those species with thicker leaves generally had less negative δ13C values, as did those species growing on more exposed sites; leaves thicker than about 1 mm in most species yielded δ13C values indicative of pronounced CAM. Two leafless species, Chiloschista phyllorhiza and Taeniophyllum malianum, which depend on chloroplast-containing, stomata-less roots for photosynthesis also showed δ13C values typical of CAM. Pseudobulbs and swollen stems, a characteristic of many orchids, were usually somewhat enriched in 13C compared to corresponding leaves. In Polypodiaceae CAM was found in the genus Pyrrosia. While δ13C values were generally less negative with increasing frond thickness, the leaf morphology was extremely variable within species. Pyrrosia confluens plants from shaded habitats had long, relatively thin and darkgreen fronds whereas specimens from sun-exposed sites were characterized by short, thick, bleached fronds. Both types showed the capacity for nocturnal accumulation of titratable acidity and exhibited continuous net CO2 fixation during 12 h light/12 h dark cycles under laboratory conditions. Shade-fronds showed this capacity even when irradiance was lower than 2% of full sunlight during the 12 h light period. In Asclepiadaceae CAM was found in species of two genera which usually have fleshy leaves, Hoya and Dischidia. In Rubiaceae CAM was recorded in two genera of epiphytic ant plants, Hydnophytum and Myrmecodia. It is concluded that CAM is widespread in Australian epiphytes. It is most prevalent in species found in exposed microhabitats where the growing conditions are characterised by relatively high light intensities and short but frequent periods of water stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379570
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    C4 plants of high biomass in arid regions of asia-occurrence of C4 photosynthesis in Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae from the Middle East and USSR (1981)
    Springer
    Oecologia 48 (1981), S. 100-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Measurements of δ13C values were used as a diagnostic test for the possible occurrence of C4 photosynthesis in 175 species of the Chenopodiaceae and 18 species of the genus Calligonum (Polygonaceae) from deserts of the Middle East and USSR. Eighty percent of the Chenopodiaceae (predominantly members of the genera Aellenia, Anabasis, Haloxylon, Salsola and Suaeda) and all species of the genus Calligonum showed C4-like δ13C values. Several features of these plants disclose some new facets of C4 photosynthesis. Some of the Haloxylon and Calligonum species are trees or tall shrubs and in Middle Asia are dominant members of plant communities characterized by high biomass. Many C4 species of the Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae in their natural, Middle and Central Asian desert habitats, experience temperatures far below the freezing point for a long period of the year. Several of these C4 species are of considerable economic value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346994
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wachstum und photosyntheseleistung der halophyten Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. und Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. bei variierter NaCl-Salinität des anzuchtmediums (1974)
    Springer
    Oecologia 17 (1974), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of various concentrations of NaCl in the culture solution (up to 400 mM) on growth (fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content) and net CO2 gas exchange was studied in two halophytes, Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. and Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum reaches optimal growth at concentrations of 100 to 200 mM NaCl in the culture medium, whereas growth of Suaeda maritima is stimulated up to concentrations of 400 mM NaCl. Independent of this stimulated plant growth, net CO2 uptake in the light appears to be decreased with increased salinity when net CO2 assimilation is calculated on a fresh weight or dry weight basis. However, expressed per mg chlorophyll, net CO2 uptake is clearly correlated with plant productivity at different levels of salinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345749
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    δ13C values of grass species collected in the northern Sahara desert (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 25 (1976), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary δ13C values were measured for 45 Poaceae species collected in the northern Sahara desert, at the foot of the Saharan Atlas. The results indicate a clear relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and phytogeographical distribution of the grasses. Mediterranean species predominantly had δ13C values indicating the C3 pathway of photosynthesis. By contrast, nearly all species belonging to the Saharo-Arabian and /or Sudanian group showed a C4 like carbon isotope composition. Leaf material of two species, Lygeum spartum and Stipa tenacissima, had δ13C values in the region of-20‰, i.e. intermediate between the mean δ13C values of C3 and C4 plants. However, additional speciments of both these grasses obtained from a different source (herbarium of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem) yielded a C3 like carbon isotope composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368848
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineral Ion composition and occurrence of CAM-like diurnal malate fluctuations in plants of coastal and desert habitats of israel and the Sinai (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 25 (1976), S. 125-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The mineral ion composition and the occurrence of CAM-like diurnal malate fluctuations in species from 6 field locations in Israel and the Sinai were studied during the spring of 1974. The sites were a) a salt swamp near Acre on the Mediterranean Sea shore in the northern part of Israel, b) the high coast near Tel Aviv, c) the southern Dead Sea area near Sedom, d) the Negev highlands surrounding the ancient town of Avdat, e) the Wadi Paran in the southern Negev desert, and f) the Red Sea shore near the southeastern tip of the Sinai peninsula close to the Bedouin village of Nabek. The carbon assimilatory organs of the plants were analysed for Na+, K+, Cl− and SO4 2- as well as for malate at dawn and dusk. 2. Most species analysed are characterized by high levels of mineral ions (mainly Na+/and Cl−) often exceeding 300–400 μeq per g fresh weight, and by high Na+/K+ ratios in their tissues mainly ranging from 10 to 20. These typical halophytic attributes are particularly found in species of the Acre salt swamp, of the Dead Sea area and the Red Sea shore and in many species of the Negev highlands. 3. In plants occupying the Tel Aviv high coast habitats Na+ and Cl− are lower averaging 100 to 200 μeq per g fresh weight. The Na+/K+ ratio is about 5. 4. Numerous species mainly inhabiting the less saline loessial plains and wadis of the Negev desert contain only up to 100 μeq Na+ and Cl− per g fresh weight and are characterized by Na+/K+ ratios of about 1 and below. 5. The salt-accumulating species of the coastal habitats contain Na+ and Cl− in more or less equivalent amounts, i.e. halophytes of the “chloride type” in the terminology of Walter dominate these sites. In contrast, many inland halophytes chiefly belonging to the Chenopodiaceae accumulate much more Na+ than Cl− and/or SO4 2-. 6. The special feature of Na+ contents which far exceed the sum of Cl− and SO4 2- distinguishes the inland Chenopodiaceae as a “physiotype” from members of other taxa. The Zygophyllaceae included in this study form a further “physiotype” which is characterized by higher Cl− than Na+ concentrations. 7. Five species of the Aizoaceae family investigated showed no special pattern of mineral ion content. 8. Certain species, especially some belonging to the Brassicaceae, showed a slight malate accumulation during the day. 9. CAM-like diurnal malate fluctuations were only observed in four species: the halophytic Aizoaceae Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, M. forsskalii and M. nodiflorum and the non-halophytic Asclepiadaceae Caralluma It is suggested that, among halophytes, the capability to perform CAM is generally restricted to members of the Aizoaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00368849
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    δ13C values of some succulent plants from Madagascar (1979)
    Springer
    Oecologia 40 (1979), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary δ13C values were determined in 20 succulents from Madagascar. The values were indicative of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in 10 species of the Didiereaceae, 4 species of the Euphorbiaceae, 2 species of the Crassulaceae and 1 species of the Cucurbitaceae. The Didiereaceae and Euphorbiaceae studied are major components of a high biomass xerophytic flora in the semi-arid southwest and south of Madagascar. Three species of the Euphorbiaceae with succulent stems and non-succulent leaves, which were cultivated outdoors in the Tananarive Botanic Garden, showed C3 like δ13C values for both leaves and stems. δ13C values of leaf and stem material from a similar species, collected in the south of Madagascar, indicated Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388814
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of communities of tropical tree species to elevated CO2 in a forest clearing (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 116 (1998), S. 207-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Elevated CO2 ; Biomass allocation ; Successional status ; Leaf chemistry ; Tropical forest tree species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Communities of ten species of tropical forest tree seedlings from three successional classes were grown at ambient and elevated CO2 in large open-top chambers on the edge of a forest in Panamá. Communities grew from 20 cm to approximately 2 m in height in 6 months. No enhancements in plant biomass accumulation occurred under elevated CO2 either in the whole communities or in growth of individual species. Reductions in leaf area index under elevated CO2 were observed, as were decreases in leaf nitrogen concentrations and increases in the C:N ratio of leaf tissue. Species tended to respond individualistically to elevated CO2, but some generalizations of how successional groupings responded could be made. Early and mid-successional species generally showed greater responses to elevated CO2 than late-successional species, particularly with respect to increases in photosynthetic rates and leaf starch concentrations, and reductions in leaf area ratio. Late-successional species showed greater increases in C:N ratios in response to elevated CO2 than did other species. Our results indicate that there may not be an increase in the growth of regenerating tropical forest under elevated CO2, but that there could be changes in soil nutrient availability because of reductions in leaf tissue quality, particularly in late-successional species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050581
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf carbohydrate responses to CO2 enrichment at the top of a tropical forest (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 116 (1998), S. 18-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words: Anacardium ; Cecropia ; Ficus ; Elevated CO2 ; Light climate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of non-structural leaf carbohydrates is one of the most consistent plant responses to elevated CO2. It has been found in both fast-and slow-growing plants and is largely independent of the duration of exposure. Changes in leaf quality are thus to be expected, irrespective of other plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment. However, there is no experimental evidence from tropical forests, the biome with the largest biomass carbon pool. Here we report in situ mesophyll responses of mature tropical trees to a doubling of CO2. Individually CO2-enriched leaves on 25 to 35-m-tall forest trees living at 26–35°C can be assumed to experience little sink limitation, and so, may be expected to exhibit no or very little carbohydrate accumulation. We tested this hypothesis using the leaf cup method on leaves accessible via the canopy crane of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in a semi-deciduous tropical forest in Panamá. We also investigated the influence of the leaf-specific light regime, another possible environmental determinant of leaf carbon gain and mobile leaf carbohydrates. Total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) reached a new steady state concentration after less than 4 days of exposure to twice ambient CO2 concentration. Against expectation, all four tree species investigated (Anacardium excelsum, Cecropia longipes, C. peltata, Ficus insipida) accumulated significant amounts of TNC (+41 to +61%) under elevated CO2. The effect was stronger at the end of the daylight period (except for Ficus), but was still significant in all four species at the end of the dark period. In contrast, neither artificial nor natural shading affected leaf TNC. Taken together, these observations suggest that TNC accumulation reflects a mesophyll-bound tissue response specific to elevated CO2, presumably unrelated to sink limitations. Thus, leaves of tropical forests seem not to be an exception, and will most likely contain more non-structural carbohydrates in a CO2-rich world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00013821
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Xanthophyll-cycle pigments and photosynthetic capacity in tropical forest species: a comparative field study on canopy, gap and understory plants (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 104 (1995), S. 280-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Photoinhibition ; Photosynthesis ; Tropical forest ; Xanthophyll-cycle pigments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Xanthophyll-cycle pigments and photosynthetic capacity (PSmax) were analyzed in 25 species from different light environments (canopy, gap, understory) within a Panamanian tropical forest. (1) Sun-exposed leaves of canopy tree species showed the highest photosynthetic capacities and largest xanthophyll-cycle pools (violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin) of about 87 mmol mol-1 chlorophyll with only small amounts of α-carotene [about 7 mmol mol-1 chlorophyll = 8% of total (α+β) carotene pool]. Under high natural photon flux densities (PFDs) canopy leaves rapidly converted up to 96% of the xanthophyll-cycle pool into zeaxanthin. The back reaction to violaxanthin occurred much faster in low light than in complete darkness. At the end of the night, zeaxanthin still accounted for, on average, 14% of the total xanthophyll-cycle pigments. (2) Leaves of gap plants had intermediate values of PSmax and a 43% lower total carotenoid content than canopy leaves. The average size of the xanthophyll-cycle pool was 35 mmol mol-1 chlorophyll, and α-carotene accounted for up to 66% of the total (α+β) carotene pool. Under high light conditions gap plants converted, on average, 86% of the xanthophyll-cycle pigments into zeaxanthin. The back reaction, following a decrease in ambient PFD, was slower than the forward reaction. At the end of the night, zeaxanthin accounted for, on average, 7% of the xanthophyll-cycle pigments in gap plants. (3) Understory plants showed the lowest values of PSmax and the smallest xanthophyll-cycle pool of about 22 mmol mol-1 chlorophyll. α-Carotene accounted for up to 70% of total carotene. The conversion of xanthophyll-cycle pigments into zeaxanthin was negligible during short sunflecks of 1–2 min duration and PFDs up to about 400 μmol m-2 s-1. At predawn, leaves of understory plants rarely contained any detectable zeaxanthin. Aechmea magdalenae, an understory CAM plant, showed exceptionally high rates of PSmax per unit leaf area compared to sympatric C3 understory species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328362
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NaCl-induzierter crassulaceen-Säurestoffwechsel bei der salzpflanze Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (1974)
    Springer
    Oecologia 15 (1974), S. 383-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The halophytic species Mesembryanthemum crystallinum was induced to exhibit CAM-like CO2 gas-exchange reactions with a depression of net CO2 uptake during the day and a net CO2 uptake during the night by treatment with 400 mM NaCl. The induction of CAM is favored by relatively high day temperatures and relatively low night temperatures. Net CO2 uptake in the dark is largely increased by an interruption of water absorption by the plants, whereas light CO2 fixation is decreased by this treatment. When plants are rewatered after a two days drought period, net CO2 uptake in the dark is clearly favored over CO2 light fixation. During the post-stress period a slight reduction of leaf chlorophyll content becomes apparent. Under the experimental conditions used a reversibility of CO2 fixation metabolism from CAM to C3 is observed when salt-treated plants are transferred to non-saline root medium. This is paralleled by a largely enhanced leaf expansion and a drastically increased leaf water content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345435
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