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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Hypertensive emergencies ; Urapidil ; Sodium nitroprusside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of urapidil compared to sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Design: randomized, prospective clinical study. Setting: Emergency department in a 2000-bed inner city hospital. Patients: Eighty-one patients with hypertensive emergencies defined as elevation of systolic blood pressure above 200 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure above 110 mmHg plus evidence of end-organ damage were included in the study protocol. The efficacy of therapy was defined as 1) blood pressure reduction below 180/95 mmHg within 90 min and 2) no re-elevation of blood pressure during a 4-h follow-up period in primary responders. The safety of both drugs was defined as the number of minor and major side effects during treatment. Interventions: Patients received either sodium nitroprusside (n = 35; continuous intravenous administration with a starting dose of 0.5 μg/kg per min; increase in increments of 0.5 μg/kg per min every 15 min until response to treatment or a maximum of 3 μg/kg per min) or urapidil (n = 46; intravenous bolus; starting dose: 12.5 mg; repetitive administration of 12.5 mg every 15 min until response or a maximum dose of 75 mg). Measurements and results: Blood pressure was measured every 2.5 min by using a non-invasive oscillometric blood pressure measurement unit. Response to treatment within 90 min was observed in 75 (93 %) patients (urapidil: n = 41 [89 %]; nitroprusside: n = 34 [97 %]; p = 0.18). During the follow-up period 8/34 (24 %) patients in the nitroprusside group and 1/41 (2 %) patients in the urapidil group exhibited blood pressure re-elevation. Major side effects were observed in seven patients receiving nitroprusside and two patients in the urapidil group (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Urapidil is equally effective, compared to sodium nitroprusside, in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Due to a smaller number of adverse events, urapidil is a reasonable alternative to nitroprusside in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To assess the effects of nitroglycerin or urapidil on hemodynamic, respiratory and metabolic parameters in hypertensive patients with pulmonary edema. Design: Open, randomized and prospective clinical study. Setting: Out-of-hospital setting and Emergency Department in a 2000-bed hospital. Patients: Hundred twelve patients with evidence of hypertensive crises with pulmonary edema (systolic blood pressure (SBP) 〉 200 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 〉 100 mm Hg and rales over both lungs) at the time when the emergency physician arrived. Interventions: The out-of-hospital treatment consisted of oxygen via face mask, 80 mg furosemide i. v., 10 mg morphium s. c., and either nitroglycerin sublingually (initial dose: 0.8 mg; repetitive administration of 0.8 mg every 10 min to a cumulative dose of 3.2 mg) or urapidil (initial dose: 12.5 mg i. v.; repetitive administration every 15 min to a cumulative dose of 50 mg). If SBP was more than 180 mm Hg and/or DBP more than 90 mm Hg on admission, antihypertensive treatment was continued with nitroglycerin (0.3–3 mg/h) or urapidil (5–50 mg/h). Measurements and results: Blood pressure (BP) was measured every 5 min with the use of an automatic oscillometric device. Serum lactate, PO2, pH value, and base excess (BE) were evaluated on admission and 6 h later. Blood pressure, serum lactate and BE on admission were significantly lower (SBP: 155 ± 30 vs 179 ± 33 mm Hg; p = 0.0002; DBP: 82 ± 17 vs 93 ± 19 mm Hg; p = 0.001; lactate: 2.2 ± 1.6 vs 3.9 ± 2.7; p = 0.0001; BE: − 1.9 ± 3.9 vs − 4.4 ± 1.7; p =0.0005) and PO2 and pH values were significantly higher in the urapidil group compared to the nitroglycerin group (PO2: 75 ± 25 vs 66 ± 17; p = 0.036; pH: 7.33 ± 0.08 vs 7.29 ± 0.09; p = 0.042). After 6 h no differences between the two groups were observed. Conclusion: The more pronounced BP reduction in the urapidil group was associated with an improved respiratory and metabolic situation in hypertensive patients with pulmonary edema. Therefore, urapidil is a valuable alternative to nitroglycerin in patients with pulmonary edema and systemic hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Stroke Hypertension Out-of-hospital setting Cerebral infarction Intracranial hemorrhage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective: To establish a model based on clinical and anamnestic data easily available in the out-of-hospital setting, which facilitates the differential diagnosis between cerebral infarction and intracranial hemorrhage. Design: Retrospective study that simulates a prospective approach. Setting: Emergency Department of the University Hospital in Vienna, Austria. Patients and participants: Data of 224 patients with either intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral infarction were prospectively collected. Uni- and multivariate analysis was performed to identify neurological symptoms and anamnestic data, which were associated with either intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral infarction. Measurements and results: Unilateral weakness or sensory loss was observed more frequently in patients with infarction compared to hemorrhage (69.8% vs 11.9%, P〈0.001). The frequency of patients with impaired level of consciousness was significantly higher in the hemorrhage group compared to the infarction group (59.3% vs 3.8%, P〈0.001). A multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension (OR=0.31, 95% CI= 0.12–0.76, P=0.01), diabetes (OR=0.17, 95% CI=0.04–0.68, P=0.01), and unilateral weakness or sensory loss (OR=0.10, 95% CI=0.04–0.26, P〈0.001) were significantly associated with cerebral infarction. Impaired level of consciousness was significantly related to hemorrhage (OR=13.41, 95% CI=3.92–45.91, P〈0.001). On the basis of the logistic regression analysis, we generated a scoring system for the out-of-hospital diagnosis between infarction and hemorrhage. The values of the score lay between –3 and +3. The probability of infarction increases when the score becomes negative, and the probability for hemorrhage increases when the score becomes positive. Conclusion: Our model is a useful guideline for the differential diagnosis between cerebral infarction and intracranial hemorrhage in the out-of-hospital setting, as it is based on easily available clinical and anamnestic parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Nitroglyzerin – Enalaprilat – hypertensive Krise – Lungenödem ; Key words Nitroglycerine – enalaprilat – hypertensive emergencies – pulmonary edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a prospectively designed randomized study, we compared the efficacy of sublingual nitroglycerine and intravenous enalaprilat in the out-of-hospital treatment of 46 hypertensive patients with pulmonary edema (defined as rales over both lungs and systolic blood pressure 〉200 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 〉100 mg). The out-of-hospital treatment consists of oxygen (6 Ll/min) via a face mask, furosemide 80 mg i.v., opioids 10 mg s.c., and either sublingual nitroglycerine (n=23; initial dose: 0.8 mg; repetitive application of 0.8 mg every 10 min until a cumulative dose of 3.2 mg) or intravenous enalaprilat (initial dose: 2.5 mg; repetitive application of 2.5 mg every 30 min until a cumulative dose of 10 mg). The aim of the antihypertensive treatment was a reduction of systolic blood pressure below 160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg until admission to the emergency department. In the emergency room, an arterial and venous blood sample was taken to determine the respiratory (pO2, pCO2) and metabolic status (pH value; base-excess; serum lactate) of the patient. Successful antihypertensive treatment was observed in 13/23 (57%) patients of the enalaprilat group and 15/23 (65%) patients of the nitroglycerine group (p=0.54). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure on admission were similiar in both treatment groups (systolic RR: enalaprilat: 179 [31] mm Hg; nitroglycerine: 184 [38] mm Hg; p=0.59; diastolic RR: enalaprilat: 96 [14] mm Hg; nitroglycerine: 101 [14] mm Hg; p=0.12). No significant differences were observed between the enalaprilat and the nitroglycerine groups concerning respiratory and metabolic parameters on admission (pO2: 67 [15] vs. 64 [17] mm Hg; p=0.50; pCO2: 46 [9] vs. 47 [13]; p=0.75; pH value: 7.27 [0.12] vs. 7.27 [0.09]; p=0.98; BE: –4.2 [3.7] vs. –5.7 [4.1]; p=0.23; lactate: 4.2 [3.3] vs. 4.2 [2.7]; p=0.98). Intravenous enalaprilat did not exhibit any advantage compared to nitroglycerine in terms of blood pressure reduction or respiratory and metabolic parameters on admission to the emergency room. We conclude that enalaprilat is no substitute for nitroglycerine in the out-of-hospital treatment of hypertensive patients with pulmonary edema.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser prospektiven und randomisierten präklinischen/klinischen Studie wurde die Wirkung von sublingualem Nitroglyzerin und von intravenösem Enalaprilat in der Behandlung von 46 hypertensiven Patienten mit Lungenödem (definiert als feuchte Rasselgeräusche über beiden Lungen plus systolischer RR 〉200 mm Hg und diastolischer RR 〉100 mm Hg) verglichen. Nach Eintreffen des Notarztes erhielten die Patienten Sauerstoff, Furosemid 80 mg i. v., Opiate 10 mg s. c. und entsprechend der Randomisierung entweder Nitroglyzerin (n=23; initiale Dosis: 0,8 mg; repetitive Dosis: 0,8 mg alle 10 Minuten; maximale Dosis: 3,2 mg) oder Enalaprilate (n=23; initiale Dosis: 2,5 mg; repetitive Dosis: 2,5 mg alle 30 Minuten; maximale Dosis: 10 mg). Ziel der antihypertensiven Therapie war ein systolischer RR 〈160 mm Hg und diastolischer RR 〈90 mm Hg bis zum Eintreffen an der Notfallaufnahme. Hierorts wurde ein arterielles Blutgas und eine venöse Blutabnahme zur Bestimmung des respiratorischen (pO2, pCO2) und metabolischen Status (pH-Wert, Base-Excess, Serum-Laktat) des Patienten durchgeführt. Eine erfolgreiche Blutdrucksenkung wurde bei 13/23 (57%) Patienten der Enalaprilat-Gruppe und bei 15/23 (65%) Patienten der Nitrogruppe beobachtet (p=0,54). Der Aufnahme-Blutdruck war sowohl systolisch (Enalaprilat: 179 [31] mm Hg; Nitro: 184 [38] mm Hg; p=0,59) als auch diastolisch (Enalaprilat: 96 [14] mm Hg; Nitro: 101 [14] mm Hg; p=0,12) nicht signifikant unterschiedlich in den beiden Behandlungsgruppen. Ebenso waren die respiratorischen und metabolischen Parameter in beiden Gruppen ähnlich (pO2: 67 [15] vs. 64 [17] mm Hg; p=0,50; pCO2: 46 [9] vs. 47 [13]; p=0,75; pH-Wert: 7,27 [0,12] vs. 7,27 [0,09]; p=0,98; BE: –4,2 [3,71] vs. –5,7 [4,1]; p=0,23; Laktat: 4,2 [3,3] vs. 4,2 [2,7]; p=0,98). Intravenöses Enalaprilat ist dem Nitroglyzerin weder in der Blutdrucksenkung noch in der Beeinflussung der respiratorischen oder metabolischen Parameter überlegen. Wir sind daher der Ansicht, daß Enalaprilat in der Behandlung von hypertensiven Patienten mit Lungenödem keinen Vorteil gegenüber der derzeitigen gängigen Standardtherapie mit Nitraten aufweist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 35 (1998), S. 235-238 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 35 (1998), S. 182-182 
    ISSN: 1435-1420
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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