Library

Notes: [Auszug] The Human Combinatorial Antibody Library (HuCAL) was screened for antibodies specific to human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) that induce programmed death of lymphoma/leukemia cells expressing the target antigen. The active Fab fragments were affinity-matured, and engineered to IgG4 antibodies of ...

Notes: Summary Feeding hens and cocks for 6–8 weeks with the products — wines and juices — from ± resistant interspecific grapevine varieties (F1, F2R), i.e. from crosses between sensitive types of Vitis vinifera and ± resistant American wild types, led to physiological changes of the treated animals. These changes became evident by more than 40% of malformations, especially of legs and plumage, among the individuals of their untreated F1 progeny. These effects proved to be reproducable. Among the F2-individuals from crosses between untreated F1 brothers and sisters 8–11 % of the chickens again carried anomalies of the same kind as found in F1. No relation could be observed between the number of F2 malformations and the types of F1-parents: both of them had been either normal, slightly anomalous or crippled. In the following generation (F3) from F2 brothers and sisters, again selected for equal types (normals, slightly anomalous or crippled ones) and crossed among themselves or to standard-♂♂, the number of malformations became reduced to 0,9–2,2%. From this generation on severely crippled types were almost lacking and only slightly anomalous ones showed up, characterized by crippled toes and/or plumage defects. The following crosses between F3♀♀ and F2♂♂ did not give rise to anomalies among the progeny of the next generation, as was the case when normal ♀♀ (F2 1966) were crossed to standard-♂♂, while from the reciprocal combination (F2♀♀ × F3♂♂) again 4,7% of the F4R chickens hatched with moderately or slightly deformed feet besides 21,9% of individuals with defective feathers. Among the chickens of the following generation (F5) from crosses between normal F4R brothers and sisters there resulted another 4,6% and 6,9% of individuals with crippled toes (slight type) and defective wing feathers, respectively. On the other hand only normal chickens hatched from the eggs of standard-♀♀ crossed to an anomalous ♂ from F4R. The controls were free from anomalies. Thus the effects of experimental beverages fed once to the P1, had caused in the following generations (F1– F5) certain numbers of individuals with malformations, developing in declining numbers and with gradually reduced severity. The 5 generations observed did not suffice for a complete rehabilitation. It is suggested that the effects were caused by latent though increasingly reduced changes within the female germ plasm, coming about by some unknown substance(s) immanent to the relatively resistant grape-vine cultivars used. Individually acting upon the embryological development, environmental influences are supposed to add to the effects. Since the types of malformations of legs and plumage can easily be compared to those observed in cases of vitamin B2-deficiency in the diet of chicks, the substance(s) applied with the beverages possibly reduce(s) the embryonic exploitation rate of vitamins, too. Another hint in that direction could be the more or less complete normalization of the plumage defects at the time of the first moulting, i.e. when the maternal egg yolk probably has become fully absorbed by the growing chicken and the exploitation of vitamins has turned autonomous. Rehabilitation of crippled legs never has been found. Treating the same animals in two successive years, with some months of water-feeding in between, does not seem to give an additive effect as to the number of anomalies developing in both F1-generations. During the interval of normal feeding the relatively high turnover, especially in hens, by the building up of eggs and by moulting, apparently causes a general normalization within the germ plasm before the second treatment. Nothing is known about the type of substance (s) fed with the products from resistant grape-vines, nor do we know anything about the pattern of their action and reaction, leading to changes within the germ plasm and finally reducing the utilization of vitamins in chick embryos from individuals once treated in some former generation.

Notes: Summary Administration of products from resistant grape-vines has been reported to lead to transitory abnormal effects in chickens. The induced abnormalities gradually disappear in later generations. In order to determine whether comparable effects could be obtained in other organisms,Drosophila melanogaster were fed 1) on a nutritionally deficient diet lacking yeast and 2) on a diet containing different concentrations of thymidine, a substance known to have mutagenic and teratogenic effects. In the first series, flies that had developed under normal conditions were placed on the deficient medium for oviposition. These normal flies reacted to the yeast-free deficient diet with a marked reduction in the rate of eggs laid within 48–72 hours after mating. A further reduction in egg-laying rate was observed in F1 flies, raised on the deficient medium and kept under the same conditions for oviposition. F1-males and females, grown on the deficient medium, but transferred to standard medium for egg-laying, showed some degree of rehabilitation with regard to laying-rate within 48–72 hours after mating. However, the number of eggs laid remained significantly below that of the controls. Significantly lower egg rates were also found in F2-flies raised on normal food that were descendents of P1-flies raised on a deficient diet, but whose F1-parents had been raised on normal food. However, if the total number of progeny from these flies was determined instead of the rate of oviposition within 48–72 hours after mating, the low egg rates turned out as a relative rather than an absolute effect. Judged by the number of individuals obtained, complete rehabilitation had taken place, experimental and control values being of the same order. The progeny of treated parents, however, even if raised on the standard diet showed a developmental delay of about 48 hours as compared to the controls. Differences between daily numbers of progeny produced by treated as compared to that of untreated parents, remained significant throughout the entire period of hatching. In a second series of experiments flies developing on food containing thymidine showed a great variety of abnormalities, sublethals and lethals. The frequency in the latter two categories increased markedly with increasing thymidine concentrations. In F1 lethals and sublethals were significantly more frequent among females than among males. Consequently the sex ratio of surviving adults was shifted considerably in favor of males. Further generations (F2-F6) were reared on normal food and checked for mutagenic and/or teratogenic after-effects. As a rule selection for F1 anomalies was not successful. Regardless of the parental phenotype selected in F1, a number (non-significant) of sporadic aberrations re-appeared, representing practically the whole array of abnormalities found in F1 adults. Hardly any abnormal flies were found among the controls. In one case the frequency of one of the wing anomalies could be temporarily increased by selection. Another wing anomaly turned out to be a true recessive mutation, its manifestation depending on at least one dominigene. The results support the hypothesis that transitory effects, followed by rehabilitation, are reproducible. Their relationship to comparable cases that have been reported is discussed.

Notes: Es wird die Aufnahme von Methylorange, Echtrot BT und Benzopurpurin 4 B durch Polyvinylpyrrolidongele untersucht. Bei den ersten beiden Farbstoffen werden gut definierte Gleichgewichte erreicht, die sich nach Art einer Langmuir-Isotherme darstellen lassen. Auf dieser Grundlage kann quantitativ die Bindungsfähigkeit und Bindungskapazität des Gels für die Farbstoffe angeegeben werden. Besonders auffällig sind die kleinen Bindungskapazitäten in der Größenordnung von hundertstel Mol Farbstoff aufein Grundmol Polymeres, die keinestöchiometrische Beziehung erkennen lassen.Bei der Anfnahme von Benzopurpurin konnte keine Gleichgewichtseinstellung erreicht werden.Der Quellungsgrad der Gele nimmt mit der aufgenommenen Farbstoffmenge zu, was als eine Wirkung der Aufladung des Gelgerüstes durch die Farbstoffionen gedeutet wird.

Notes: Verschiedene γ-Brom-β-oxonitrile 3 reagieren in Gegenwart von Silberoxid mit Furan stereoselektiv zu den Titelverbindungen 7. Befriedigende Ausbeuten werden nur mit solchen Bromiden 3 erhalten, deren γ-Kohlenstoff tertiär ist oder die sowohl am α- als auch γ-Kohlenstoff monoalkyliert sind (3c, e-h). Die Befunde werden durch eine [4 + 3]-Cycloaddition von intermediären 1-Cyanallylium-2-olaten (14) an das 1,3-Dien-System des Furans erklärt. Mit cyclischen γ-Brom-β-oxonitrilen (6) wurden zwei Typen von Cycloaddukten beobachtet: 3-Brom-3-methyl-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6b) und 3-Brom-2-oxocyclododecancarbonitril (6d) reagieren zu den tricyclischen [4 + 3]-Cycloaddukten 10b und d, Analoga der Bicyclen 7. Bei 3-Brom-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6a) und 3-Brom-5-tert-butyl-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6e) wurde jedoch der Carbonyl-Sauerstoff mit einem α-Kohlenstoffatom des Furans verknüpft, wobei die tricyclischen [3 + 2]-Cycloaddukte 12Aa und Ae entstanden. Die Struktur von endo-2,endo-4-Dimetyl-3-oxo-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-exo-2-carbonitril (7eα) wurde durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt.

Notes: 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolin-3,5-dion (PTAD) bildet mit 7,7-Difluor-, 7,7-Dimethoxy-, 7,7-(Trimethylendioxy)- und 7,7-(Ethylendioxy)-1,3,5-cycloheptatrien (1c-f) 1:1-Cycloaddukte unterschiedlicher Struktur. Nach 13C- und 1H-NMR-Spektren besitzen die Cycloaddukte aus 1d, e und dem unsubstituierten Cycloheptatrien eine Struktur, die sich vom Norcaradien-Valenztautomeren (2a, d, e) durch [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition ableiten läßt (NCD-Typ, 4). Bei 1c, f und beim Tropon dagegen erfolgt [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition an C-1/C-4 des Cycloheptatrien-Skeletts: es entstehen Addukte vom CHT-Typ 3.