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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of size of food ration on egg production in the female three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 5 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of food level on the egg production of three-spined sticklebacks was studied experimentally. High food levels increased the percentage of fish that matured, and the weight of the fish at maturity. Weight at maturity was positively correlated with the number of spawnings, the mean number and the weight of eggs produced per spawning. Food level had no effect on the size of the eggs, whether size was expressed as wet or dry weight per egg. Fish on the highest food level spawned at shorter intervals than fish at the lower levels. A preliminary model of the effect of food supply on recruitment to a stickleback population is nresented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1973.tb04433.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hierarchical response to differences in ration size in the reproductive performance of female three-spined sticklebacks (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 46 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The response of female three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to differences in food ration during the breeding season was quantified for several variables related to reproductive performance. The measured protein and lipid contents (mg g−1) of eggs were unaffected by ration. Egg size increased with an increase in both ration and female size, but the proportional increase in egg size was much smaller than the proportional increase in ration. The best predictor of mean batch (clutch) fecundity and weight was female size. There was a small but significant increase in batch fecundity with ration, but the increase was not directly proportional to the increase in ration. The rate of spawning, total breeding season fecundity and total weight of eggs spawned over the breeding season were sensitive to ration with breeding season fecundity and weight increasing in direct proportion to ration. Thus, in female sticklebacks, there is a hierarchy of sensitivity to ration in the response of variables related to reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb01102.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal patterns in diet and rate of food consumption of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) in Llyn Frongoch, an upland Welsh lake (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 14 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. Monthly and diel patterns of food consumption by the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., were studied in Llyn Frongoch, a small reservoir in upland mid-Wales.2. Copepods were particularly prominent in the diet in spring and autumn, with ephemeropteran nymphs prominent in summer. Chironomid pupae and stickleback eggs were also elements of the diet in summer, whereas algae, plant material and debris were more important in autumn and winter. Chironomid larvae and ostracods were present throughout the year, but there was some doubt as to the importance of ostracods as digestible food items.3. Stomach contents were heaviest in spring and late summer and lightest in late autumn and winter.4. Samples for the diel samples were taken four times, once in each season. These diel samples largely reflected the seasonal changes in diet noted in the monthly samples. There were few cases of a clear switch in the composition of the diet during a 24 h period. Feeding occurred during daylight, the weight of the stomach contents declined during darkness.3. Several methods provided estimates of the daily rate of food consumption which ranged from 3.5 mg in December (4°C), to 19.0 mg in May (15°C). These estimates and others obtained independently suggest that the annual rate of food consumption for a stickleback in Llyn Frongoch is between 2000 and 5000 mg wet weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1984.tb00158.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional Morphology of Insect Wings (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 37 (1992), S. 113-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.000553
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palaeozoic Insects (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 26 (1981), S. 319-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.26.010181.001535
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of appetite in three fish species (Gasterosteus aculeatus, Phoxinus phoxinus and Carassius auratus gibelio) after feed deprivation (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The temporal dynamics of appetite (weight of food consumed per day) were analysed for fish fed to satiation after a 1 or 2-week period of feed deprivation. Three species were compared: two omnivores (minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus and gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio) and a carnivore (three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus). All species showed compensatory changes in appetite and growth during the re-feeding period but in the stickleback, there was a lag of a week before the compensatory response was detected. The temporal dynamics of appetite differed between the three species but not within a species. Appetite of the minnow declined towards control levels from the onset of re-feeding. In gibel carp, appetite increased to a peak and then declined to control levels. In the stickleback, appetite was initially below control levels, increased to a maximum, then declined towards control levels. The differences between the species might have been artefacts of the experimental protocols used but could also reflect underlying differences in the control of appetite in these species of fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00594.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding dynamics in fish experiencing cycles of feed deprivation: a comparison of four species (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The temporal dynamics of daily food consumption were examined in individually housed fish that experienced four cycles of 1 week of feed deprivation followed by 2 weeks of feeding to satiation. Four species were compared: European minnows Phoxinus phoxinus: Cyprinidae; three-spined sticklebacks Gasteosteus aculeatus: Gasterosteidae: gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio: Cyprinidae; and the longsnout catfish Leiocassis longirostris: Bagridae. The stickleback, carp and catfish showed significant compensatory increases in food intake following deprivation, with the response becoming clearer in successive cycles. The temporal pattern of consumption during the refeeding periods differed between the four species. In sticklebacks, daily intake over a refeeding period initially decreased, but then recovered. In minnows, intake tended to decline over a refeeding period. Gibel carp showed an increase in daily intake on refeeding, but this may have reflected an adverse response to weighing. Over a refeeding period, catfish had a weak tendency to show an initial decline, followed by an increase. These differences are discussed in relation to differences in experimental protocols and biological differences between the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00733.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cost of egg production in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 8 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the interval between successive spawnings, female sticklebacks consumed approximately their own wet weight of Tubifex. On average, for 100 cal of food consumed, 26 cal of eggs, 3 cal of somatic growth and 11 cal of faeces were produced. In the absence of somatic growth, the efficiency of egg production was estimated as nearly 30%, and it was predicted that in the absence of egg production, the efficiency of somatic growth would range from 20% for a fish of 0.8 g wet weight to 3% for 2 g fish.The weight of eggs produced at a spawning was a function of the weight of the female but not of the amount of food consumed. If food consumption was not sufficient to cover the cost of egg production, the fish lost weight. Total production (the summation of egg production and somatic growth) was a function of the amount of food consumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1976.tb03967.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life-history evolution, biology and conservation of stream fish: introductory note (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Ecology of freshwater fish 9 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0633.2000.90110.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in rates of food consumption and evidence for compensatory responses in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. in relation to growth and reproduction (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Ecology of freshwater fish 9 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract – Evidence that rates of food consumption differ between individuals in a population is noted. Preliminary estimates of individual variation in a population of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) are provided and compared with similar estimates for a population of Phoxinus. Experimental studies are reviewed to demonstrate the capacity of sticklebacks to compensate for variations in food availability by compensatory changes in food consumption. These changes allowed sticklebacks on fluctuating rations to maintain growth and reproductive performances comparable to sticklebacks receiving constant, daily rations. Such studies start to define the scope for compensation that buffers the effect of environmental variability in food supply./〉
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0633.2000.90112.x
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