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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 14 (1979), S. 503-505 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 14 (1976), S. 671-680 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Compact bone ; Energy-absorption capacity ; Microstructure ; Modulus of elasticity ; Nonelastic deformation ; Strain rate ; Ultimate tensile strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Des essais de traction suivant un seul axe ont été effectués sur des spécimens longitudinaux, standardisés d'os bovin compact sous des taux de contraintes de 5,3×10−4 à 237s−1. Après les essais on a déterminé la microstructure et la densité à sec de chaque échantillon. Les résultats d'essai ont montré des corrélations positives fort significatives (P〈0,01) entre la résistance de rupture et le taux de contrainte, et entre la résistance de rupture et la densité. On a trouvé également une corrélation négative fort significative entre la résistance de rupture et le degré de transformation haversienne secondaire. Le module d'élasticité a montré des corrélations similaires avec les paramètres d'essai. Une analyse par rebroussement linéaire multiple a été pratiquée pour faire des équations de la résistance à la rupture et du module en fonction du taux de contrainte et de la microstructure. Les analyses par rebroussement ont expliqué 86% de la variation de résistance et 50% de la variation du module. On a trouvé une corrélation négative significative (P〈0,01) entre le degré de transformation haversienne secondaire et la capacité d'absorption d'énergie. Le taux de contrainte a eu également un effet significatif sur la capacité d'absorption d'énergie. Les échantillons soumis à des taux de contrainte plus élevés ont généralement absorbé plus d'énergie lors de leur défaillance. Les essais ne font pas ressortir une vitesse critique où la capacité d'absorption d'énergie atteint sa valeur maximum. Les résultats d'essai correspondent bien aux études antérieures des propriétés mécaniques des os compacts.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einachsige Zugversuche wurden an standardisierten Längsproben von Rinderknochenrinde bei Beanspruchungen von 5, 3×10−4 bis 237 s−1 vorgenommen. Nach der Prüfung wurden Mikrostruktur und Trockendichte jeder Probe festgestellt. Die Prüfergebnisse zeigten hochgradig bedeutende (P〈0,01) positive Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der endgültigen Festigkeit und der Beanspruchung und zwischen endgültiger Festigkeit und Dichte. Eine hochgradig bedeutende negative Wechselbeziehung zwischen endgültiger Festigkeit und dem Ausmaß der sekundären Haversschen Umwandlung wurde ebenfalls festgestellt. Das Elastizitätsmodul zeigte ähnliche Wechselbeziehungen mit den Testparametern. Eine mehrfache lineare Regressionsanalyse wurde verwendet, um Gleichungen für die Reißfestigkeit und das Modul als Funktionen von Beanspruchung und Mikrostruktur abzuleiten. Durch die Regressionsanalysen wurden 86% der Festigkeitsvarianz und 50% der Modulvarianz bestimmt. Das Ausmaß der sekundären Haversschen Umwandlung zeigte eine bedeutende (P〈0,01) negative Wechselbeziehung mit der Energie absorptionskapazität. Die Beanspruchung hatte auch einen bedeutenden Einfluß auf die Energieabsorptionskapazität. Proben, die unter höherer Beanspruchung geprüft wurden, absorbierten im allgemeinen mehr Energie während des Versagens. Es lag kein Beweis für eine kritische Geschwindigkeit vor, bei der die Energieabsorptionskapazität einen Maximalwert erreichte. Die Prüfergebnisse lassen sich gut zu früheren Untersuchungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften der Knochenrinde in Bezug setzen.
    Notes: Abstract Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on standardised longitudinal specimens of bovine compact bone at strain rates from 5·3×10−4 to 237 s−1. After testing, the microstructure and dry density of each specimen was determined. The test results demonstrated highly significant (P〈0·01) positive correlations between ultimate strength and strain rate, and between ultimate strength and density. A highly significant negative correlation between ultimate strength and the extent of secondary Haversian remodelling was also found. The modulus of elasticity showed similar correlations with the test parameters. A multiple linear-regression analysis was used to derive equations for the ultimate strength and modulus as functions of strain rate and microstructure. The regression analyses accounted for 86% of the variance in strength and 50% of the variance in modulus. The extent of secondary Haversian remodelling showed a significant (P〈0·01) negative correlation with the energy-absorption capacity. Strain rate also had a significant effect on the energy-absorption capacity. Specimens tested at higher strain rates generally absorbed more energy during failure. There was no evidence of a critical velocity at which the energy absorption capacity attained a maximum. The test results correlate well with previous studies of the mechanical properties of compact bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 10 (1976), S. 637-648 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to apply the techniques of fracture mechanics to a study of fatigue crack propagation in compact bone. Small cracks parallel to the long axis of the bone were initiated in standardized specimens of bovine bone. Crack growth was achieved by cyclically loading these specimens. The rate of crack growth was determined from measurements of crack length versus cycles of loading. The stress intensity factor at the tip of the crack was calculated from knowledge of the applied load, the crack length, and the specimen geometry. A strong correlation was found between the exprimentally determined crack growth rate and the applied stress intensity. The relationship takes the form of a power law similar to that for other materials. Visual observation and scanning electron microscopy revealed that crack propagation occurred by initiation of subcritical cracks ahead of the main crack.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Samples of low viscosity poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), graphite reinforced PMMA, and graphite reinforced low viscosity PMMA were evaluated for their compression strength and fracture toughness. These results were compared with two currently used plain PMMA bone cements. There were no statistically significant differences in compression strength between the five cements. Graphite reinforcement of plain cement produced a 32% increase in fracture toughness over plain cement. Graphite reinforcement of low viscosity cement also produced a significant increase in toughness (31%) over low viscosity cement with fiber reinforcement. However, low viscosity cement demonstrated significantly less fracture toughness than plain PMMA.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 15 (1981), S. 719-730 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To study the mechanical behavior of a commercially available UHMWPE reinforced with carbon fibers, measurements of contact area, contact pressure and time-dependent deformation were made on tibial components from a contemporary total knee replacement loaded to physiological levels. For comparison, similar measurements were performed on identical components manufactured from plain UHMWPE. Contact area and pressure results reflected the increased stiffness of the carbon-UHMWPE material, with smaller contact areas and generally higher contact pressures versus the plain UHMWPE at the same load. Stresses in both materials under the contact area approached or exceeded the yield stresses for the materials when the physiological load was high or the radius of the femoral component indenter decreased (similar to flexion of the knee). Time-dependent deformation over a 24 h period was reduced significantly in the carbon-UHMWPE components for a high physiological load.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Analytical studies of the stresses on and within ultra high molecular weight polyethylene joint components suggest that damage modes associated with polyethylene fatigue failure are caused by a combination of surface and subsurface crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation tests under mixed mode loading conditions were conducted on center-cracked tension specimens machined from extruded blocks of sterilized polyethylene in an attempt to determine how fatigue cracks change direction in this material. Cyclic testing was performed using a sinusoidal wave form at a frequency of 5 Hz and an R-ratio (minimum load/ maximum load) of 0.15. Specimens had the notch oriented perpendicular to the direction of applied load and at angles of 60° and 45° to the loading direction. Numerical analyses were used to interpret the experimental test and to predict the fatigue behavior of polyethylene under mixed mode conditions. It was found that all cracks eventually propagated horizontally, regardless of the initial angle of inclination of the notch to the direction of applied cyclic load. In fact, the extent of the curvilinear crack growth was quite limited. An effective range of cyclic stress intensity factor was calculated for correlation with the rate of crack growth. The results followed a Paris relation, with crack growth rate linearly related to a power of the range of stress intensity, for all three crack orientations. The numerical analyses adequately modeled the experimental fatigue crack growth results. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2 (1984), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Fatigue crack propagation ; Fracture mechanics ; Polyethylene ; Carbon fiber ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The relative fatigue crack propagation resistance of plain and carbon fiber-reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was determined from cyclic loading tests performed on compact tension specimens machined from the tibial components of total knee prostheses. Both materials were characterized by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The cyclic tests used loading in laboratory air at 5 Hz using a sinusoidal wave form. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy showed that the reinforced UHMWPE had a higher elastic storage modulus than the plain UHMWPE, whereas X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the percent crystallinity and degree of order in the crystalline regions were similar for the two materials. Fatigue crack propagation in both materials proved to be very sensitive to small changes in the applied cyclic stress intensity range. A 10% increase in stress intensity resulted in approximately an order of magnitude increase in fatigue crack growth rate. The fatigue crack propagation resistance of the reinforced UHMWPE was found to be significantly worse than that of the plain UHMWPE. This result was attributed to poor bonding between the carbon fibers and the UHMWPE matrix and the ductile nature of the matrix itself.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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