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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 235 (1996), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Elektrorheologische (ER) Flüssigkeiten, bestehend aus einem Dispersionsmittel mit niedriger Dielektrizitätskonstante und mit Ammoniakwasser oder Natriumhydroxid bei verschiedenen Konzentrationen deprotonierten Polyanilin-Partikeln wurden hergestellt. Der Einfluß der Dielektrizitätskonstante, der Leitfähigkeit des Volumenanteils der Polyanilin-Partikel, der Art des Dispersionsmittels, der Zugabe eines Benetzungsmittels sowie der elektrischen Feldstärke und der Temperatur auf die elektrorheologischen Eigenschaften der ER-Flüssigkeiten wurde untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß eine feuchtigkeitsunempfindliche, hochaktive elektrorheologische Flüssigkeit aus chloriertem Paraffinöl und mit Ammoniakwasser bei bestimmten pH-Werten deprotonierten Polyanilin-Partikeln hergestellt werden kann. Das Produkt wies eine Streck-spannung von 〉 10 kPa und eine Stromdichte von 〈 40 μA cm-2 bei einer Stärke des elektrischen Feldes von 2.8 kV mm-1 auf.
    Notes: Electrorheological (ER) fluids composed of a dispersing medium with a low dielectric constant and polyaniline particles, deprotonated with ammonia or sodium hydroxide at different concentrations for 24 h were studied. The effects of dielectric constant, conductivity and volume fraction of the polyaniline particles, the kind of dispersing medium, addition of surfactant, as well as the electric field strength and temperature on the ER properties of the ER fluids were investigated. The results showed that a moisture-insensitive, highly ER-active fluid can be obtained from chlorinated paraffin oil and polyaniline particles deprotonated with ammonia water at certain pH values and exhibited a static yield stress 〉 10 kPa and current density 〈 40 μA cm-2 at 2.8 kV mm-1 DC electric field.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 200 (1992), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch gemeinsame Reaktion von Poly(oxyethylen), Poly(oxypropylen) und α, ω-Dihydroxypolystyrol mit 2,4-Toluylendiisocyanat wurden Oxyethylen-Oxypropylen-Styrol-Multiblockcopolymere erhalten. Die gereinigten Copolymeren wurden mittels IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie sowie Membranosmometrie charakterisiert und als Multiblockcopolymere identifiziert. Sie zeigen eine gute Emulgatorwirkung, hohe Wasseraufnahme und gute Phasentransferkatalyse-Eigenschaften bei der Williamson-Synthese. Ihre mechanischen Eigenschaften ähneln, je nach Zusammensetzung, denen von thermoplastischen Elastomeren oder schlagzähen Thermoplasten.
    Notes: Oxyethylene-oxypropylene-styrene multiblock copolymers were synthesized by coupling poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol) and α, ω-dihydroxy polystyrene with 2,4-toluene diisocyanate. The purified copolymers were characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and membrane osmometry and identified as multiblock copolymers. The multiblock copolymers exhibit good emulsifying properties, high water absorption capacity and good phase transfer catalysis properties in Williamson reaction. The mechanical properties of the multiblock copolymers show that they behave like a thermoplastic elastomer or a toughened plastic, depending on the composition.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 221 (1994), S. 91-102 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Vier unterschiedlich aufgebaute, gepfropfte interpenetrierende Polymernetzwerke (IPNs) wurden aus Rizinusöl (CAS), Toluylendiisocyanat (TDI), Acrylat- bzw. Methacrylat-Prepolymeren mit Hydroxyendgruppen sowie Acrylat- bzw. Methacrylat-Prepolymeren mit Hydroxyendgruppen sowie Acrylat- bzw. Methacrylat-Monomeren in Gegenwart von Dibutylzinn-dilaurat und Redoxinitiatoren hergestellt. Die Bildungsgeschwindigkeiten der löslichen bzw. unlöslichen Produkte wurden im Verlauf der IPN-Synthese aus CAS-PU-Prepolymer, CAS, Butylacrylat-Prepolymer und Ethylmethacrylat bestimmt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften wurden ebenfalls untersucht. Dynamisch-mechanische Messungen an den verschiedenen gepfropften IPNs ergaben in mehreren Fällen (Prepolymere aus CAS/TDI/Butylacrylat und Butyl-methacrylat, CAS/TDI/Butylacrylat-Monomer/Ethylmethacrylat-Prepolymer, CAS/TDI/Butylmethacrylat-Prepolymer/Ethylmethacrylat-Monomer) hohe Dämpfungswerte über weite Temperaturbereiche (ΔThd88-133°C) sowie tan δ-Maxima über 1,1.
    Notes: Four kinds of grafted interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were synthesized from castor oil (CAS), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), monohydroxy terminated acrylic (or methacrylic) prepolymer and/or acrylic (or methacrylic) monomer in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate and redox initiators. Formation rates of soluble and insoluble polymers were investigated in the course of synthesis of the grafted IPN from NCO-terminated CAS precursor, butyl acrylate prepolymer, CAS and ethyl methacrylate monomer. Mechanical properties of the IPNs were studied as well. Studies of the dynamic mechanical properties of the various grafted IPNs showed that certain IPNs (from CAS/TDI/butyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate prepolymers, CAS/TDI/butyl acrylate monomer/ethyl methacrylate prepolymer, CAS/TDI/ethyl methacrylate monomer/butyl methacrylate prepolymer) exhibit high damping behavior over wide temperature ranges for tan δ ≥ 0.3 (ΔThd from 88°C up to 133°C) and maximum tan δ values higher than 1.1.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 41-53 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxymethylen-verknüpfte Multiblockcopolymere mit 2-Vinylpyridin- und Ethylenoxid-Monomereinheiten (2VP-EO), die mit LiClO4 oder/und Tetracyanchinodimethan (TCNQ) dotiert wurden, zeigen Ionen-, Elektronen- und gemischte (Ionen-/Elektronen-)Leitfähigkeit. Auswirkungen des Polyethylenoxidehaltes und der Molverhältnisse von EO/Li und TCNQ/2VP auf die Leitfähigkeiten der Komplexe wurden untersucht. Die optimalen Molverhältnisse betragen 10 für EO/Li und 1,0 für TCNQ/2VP. Die Copolymeren emulgieren Benzol/Wasser-Systeme und besitzen gute Phasentransferkatalysator-Eigenschaften für die Williamson-Reaktion von festem Kaliumphenolat mit n-Brombutan. Nach Neutralisation mit Salzsäure zeigen die Copolymerlösungen Polyelektrolyt-Eigenschaften.
    Notes: Oxymethylene-linked 2-vinylpyridine-oxyethylene (2VP-EO) mulitblock copolymers doped with LiClO4 or/and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) showed ionic electronic and mixed (ionic-electronic) conductivity. Effects of the poly(oxyethylene) content and of the molar ratios of EO/Li and TCNQ/2VP on the conductivities of the complexes were studied. The optimum molar ratios of EO/Li and TCNQ/2VP were 10 and 1.0, respectively. The copolymers emulsified benzene/water systems and exhibited good phase-transfer catalysis properties in the Williamson reaction of solid potassium phenolate with n-butyl bromide. After neutralization with HCI solution, the copolymers showed polyelectrolyte solution properties.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe elektrisch leitender Polyanilin/Poly(butadien-co-styrol-co-2-vinylpyridin) (PBSP)-Verbundstoffe wurde durch Polymerisation von Anilin in Gegenwart eines PBSP-Latex hergestellt. Der Massenanteil von Polyanilin wurde durch die Variation des eingesetzten PBSP/Anilin-Verhältnisses und des Oxidans/Anilin-Molverhältnisses kontrolliert. Die Materialien wurden durch Elementaranalyse, Thermogravimetrie und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie charakterisiert. Der Einfluß der Konzentration der Reaktanden auf die elektrische Leitfähigkeit bei Raumtemperatur und die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Filmproben der Verbundmaterialien wurde untersucht.
    Notes: A series of conducting polyaniline/poly(butadiene-co-styrene-co-2-vinylpyridine) (PBSP) latex composites was prepared by polymerization of aniline in the presence of PBSP latex. The mass loading of polyaniline in the composite latex can be controlled by varying the PBSP latex/aniline charging ratio and oxidant/aniline molar ratio. The composites were characterized by elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of the concentration of the reactants on the conductivity at room temperature and the mechanical properties of the composite films formed from the latices were studied.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 174 (1990), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bei Untersuchungen der Schmelzflußeigenschaften und der mechanischen Eigenschaften von sulfonierten Butylkautschuk-Ionomeren mit einem Brabender-Plasticorder zeigte sich, daß im Falle des Lithium-Ionomeren der Zusatz von Zinkstearat deutlich die Schmelzviskosität erniedrigt und die Zugfestigkeit bis zu 25% Zinkstearat-Zugabe erhöht, während bei den mit Ethylamin neutralisierten Ionomeren Zinkstearat die Viskosität nur wenig erniedrigt und die Zugfestigkeit kaum beinflußt. Amin-Ionomere zeigten sehr geringe bleibende Verformung, während Lithium-Ionomere deutlich höhere Werte ergaben, die mit dem Gehalt an Sulfonat-Gruppen und an zugesetztem Zinkstearat anstiegen. Mit ansteigendem Neutralisationsgrad stiegen unterhalb der Äquivalenz die Schmelzviskosität und die Zugfestigkeit merklich an.Bei einwertigen Kationen nahm die Schmelzviskositüt und die Zugfestigkeit mit fallendem Ionenpotential ab, bei zweiwertigen sank mit steigendem Ionenpotential und sinkendem covalenten Charakter die Zugfestigkeit, aber es stieg die Schmelzviskositat.Für die verschiedenen Amine, die zur Neutralisation der Ionomeren verwendet wurden, nahm die Zugfestigkeit in folgenden Reihenfolgen ab: Ethylamin 〉 Triethylamin 〉 Diethylamin; Isopropylamin 〉 Ethylamin 〉 Tertiiirbutylamin 〉 Methylamin; Ethylamin 〉 Hexylamin 〉 Dodecylamin 〉 Octadecylamin.
    Notes: Study of melt flow properties and mechanical properties of sulfonated butyl rubber ionomers showed that in the case of lithium ionomers addition of zinc stearate lowered obviously the melt viscosity, represented by torque value of a Brabender rheometer, and enhanced tensile strength of the ionomer up to 25% of zinc stearate, while in the case of ethylamine neutralized ionomer addition of zinc stearate lowered the melt viscosity not so obviously as in the case of lithium ionomer and slightly affected the tensile strength. Amine neutralized ionomers exhibited very low permanent sets, while the lithium ionomer showed much higher permanent set, which increased with sulfonate group and amount of zinc stearate added. Increase of neutralization degree below equivalent ratio of 1 significantly raised the melt viscosity and tensile strength.For monovalent cation ionomer, melt viscosity and tensile strength diminished with decreasing ionic potentials, but for divalent cation ionomers with increasing ionic potentials and with decreasing covalent character tensile strength decreased and melt viscosity increased.For different amine neutralized ionomers tensile strength decreased in the following orders: ethylamine 〉 triethylamine 〉 diethylamine; isopropylamine 〉 ethylamine 〉 tertiary butylamine 〉 methylamine; ethylamine 〉 hexylamine 〉 dodecylamine 〉 octadecylamine.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 42 (1991), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Terpolymers with uniform poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) grafts were prepared by terpolymerization of PMMA macromonomer, butyl acrylate, and acrylic acid in benzene using AIBN as initiator. During terpolymerization the macromonomer polymerizes faster than the monomers at the beginning but slower at the latter stage. The terpolymers were purified by solvent extraction and fractional precipitation. The average grafting number per chain of the terpolymers was determined to be 3-8. Ionomers were obtained by neutralization of the terpolymers with alkali hydroxide or metallic acetate. Dynamic mechanical spectrum of the ionomer shows the existence of two Tg's, which implies the occurence of microphase separation. The ionomer exhibits high damping over a temperature range from -25 to 100°C. Both PMMA grafts and metallic carboxylate content raise the tensile strength of the ionomer and lower the ultimate elongation. The tensile strength of ionomers neutralized with different metallic ions decreases in the following order: Pb2+ 〉 Zn2+ 〉 Na+ 〉 Ca2+ 〉 Mg2+ 〉 K+. The ionomers with uniform PMMA grafts show much better mechanical properties than the terpolymer without neutralization or the ionomer without PMMA grafts.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 951-956 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Colloidal suspensions containing salts of poly(methacrylic acid) which exhibit high electrorheological (ER) activity were synthesized by inverse emulsion polymerization. Factors influencing the ER effect were studied. The results showed that maximum yield stress occurred at optimum amounts of both polymeric stabilizer and crosslinking agent used in the inverse emulsion polymerization as well as a certain water content of the particles, while yield stress increased with electric field strength, average diameter of the particles below 0.9 μm, or the molar ratio of the salt to the acid. The ER activity for the suspensions containing different monovalent counter ions decreased in the following order: Li+ 〉 Na+ 〉 K+ 〉 NH4+. The phenomena were discussed with the ionic polarization mechanism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 60 (1996), S. 537-542 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two kinds of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) containing 4-(4′-nitrophenyl-azo)aniline chromophore groups were synthesized. A polyacrylate network was prepared by polymerization of Dispersed Red-19 (DR-19) diacrylate, whereas an epoxy resin network was formed by reaction of Bisphenol A-type epoxy resin E44 with 4(4′-nitrophenylazo)-3-amino aniline. A polyurethane network was synthesized by reaction between (β-hydroxyl propyl acrylate-DR-1 methacrylate) copolymer and phenol-capped isocynate-terminated DR-19. IPNs based on polyacrylate/epoxy resin and IPNs based on polyurethane/epoxy resin were obtained by carrying out two corresponding kinds of reactions simultaneously. Both kinds of IPNs were characterized by gel content, IR spectra, and DSC. The first kind of IPNs exhibits two glass transition temperatures at 122 and 165°C, while the second kind of IPNs showed one broad glass transition temperature at 172°C. Thin and transparent poled films of both IPNs were prepared by spin-coating, followed by thermal curing and corona poling at 160°C for 1 h. The second-order nonlinear optical properties of the poled films were studied by a visible light absorbance measurement according to the one-dimensional rigid oriented gas model. The polyurethane/epoxy resin IPNs were more stable in dipole alignment than were the polyacrylate/epoxy resin IPNs at temperature higher than 120°C. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 7 (1996), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: nonlinear optical polymer ; interpenetrating polymer network ; polyurethane ; polyacrylate ; chromophore ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on polyurethane and polyacrylate-containing 4-(4'-nitrophenylazo) aniline chromophore groups were synthesized and characterized by infrared spectra, gel content and differential scanning calorimetry. Thin, transparent films of the IPNs were prepared by spin-coating, followed by thermal curing and corona poling. The poled IPN film shows very good optical properties and exhibits only one glass transition temperature. The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the poled film were studied by visible light absorbance measurement according to one-dimensional rigid oriented gas model. The second-order nonlinear optical polarizability can reach 10-7 e.s.u. The poled IPN film of defined composition showed a good temporal stability of NLO properties at 120°C for more than 160 hr.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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