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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evidence for interaction of the N-N pair with oxygen in Czochralski silicon (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 3775-3777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Evidence for interaction between the N-N pair and interstitial O in N-doped Czochralski silicon has been presented by studying the annealing behavior of the corresponding IR absorption bands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348476
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature and continuous and interrupted wetness on the infection of pear leaves by conidia of Venturia nashicola (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 54 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to determine: (i) the effects of temperature and duration of continuous wet periods on the infection of pear seedlings by conidia of Venturia nashicola, the causal agent of pear scab; and (ii) the effects of the length and temperature of dry interrupting periods on the mortality of infecting conidia. Average number of scab lesions per leaf increased with increasing duration of wetness. Logistic models adequately described the change in the average number of scab lesions per leaf at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C over the wetness duration. At 30°C, only a few lesions developed. Simple polynomial models satisfactorily described the relationship of the three logistic model parameters (maximum number of lesions, rate of appearance and the time to 50% of the maximum number of lesions) with temperature. The optimum temperature for infection was found to be approximately 20°C. The relationship between mortality and the length of a dry period interrupting an infection process can be satisfactorily described by an exponential model. The rate of mortality at 10, 16 and 22°C did not differ significantly, but was significantly less than that at 28°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01207.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of SADIE statistics to study spatial dynamics of plant disease epidemics (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 53 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Using a previously developed stochastic simulation model for plant disease epidemics, the relationship of the SADIE aggregation statistic Ia with initial epidemic conditions, spore dispersal distance, sampling quadrat size and other spatial statistics was investigated. Most variation in Ia was attributable to the initial spatial pattern of infected plants and sampling quadrat size. The importance of initial spatial pattern on SADIE clustering indices (for patches and gaps) was also demonstrated using a number of selected data sets. Correlation of Ia with clustering indices was close to 1·0. Epidemics arising from the regular and random initial patterns resulted in the smallest and greatest Ia values, respectively, at sampling times after disease spread had occurred. Furthermore, the variability in Ia between simulation runs also varied greatly with initial patterns, being lowest and greatest for the clumped and random initial patterns, respectively. Ia increased initially and then decreased with increasing incidence, especially for the clumped and random initial patterns. Overall, the effect of median spore dispersal distance on Ia was very small, especially for the random initial pattern. The correlation between Ia and intraclass correlation was generally small and varied greatly between initial patterns. However, there was a high positive correlation between Ia and a parameter describing the rate of decline of autocorrelation over spatial lags, indicating that Ia, clustering indices and autocorrelations measure some common properties of patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.00949.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal patterns of dispersal of ascospores of Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight) (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Infected barks of chestnut blight cankers, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, were collected from a naturally infected orchard and incubated at different temperatures. Cankers started to discharge ascospores about a week after incubation at 15–25°C; most ascospores were collected at 20 and 25°C. When incubated at 5, 10 or 30°C, only a few cankers released a small number of ascospores and only during the later stages of incubation. However, the rate of formation of perithecia was not affected by the incubation temperature. The number of airborne ascospores was monitored using a volumetric spore trap in a chestnut orchard during 1996 and 1997. In both years, the number of ascospores trapped daily varied greatly, but in general it increased sharply from March onwards, reached a peak in May, and then declined steeply. There was a significant correlation between daily counts of ascospores and air temperature. Time-series transfer function (TF) analysis showed a positive association of the daily number of ascospores with increasing temperature, rain events and wet/humid conditions. In general, values predicted by the TF model agreed well with the observed pattern. However, a multiple regression equation based on TF analysis failed to provide a satisfactory prediction of the daily number of ascospores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00600.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatio-temporal dynamics of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on apple and pear (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Spatio-temporal development of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on apple and pear was monitored in an apple (cv. Cox) orchard and a pear orchard of several cultivars over several years. Disease on individual trees was recorded weekly from July to harvest, individual fruits with brown rot were tagged but not removed and rot-origin identified. On apple cv. Cox and pear (cvs Conference and Comice), all primary rot arose from infection via wounds caused by insects, birds and growth cracks. Birds were the most important wounding agents on pear in the field. Secondary (fruit-to-fruit contact) rot was considerably less than primary rot, especially for pear. Incidence of disease (percentage of fruits with brown rot) increased gradually from late July up to harvest; the final disease incidence varied with seasons and cultivars, ranging from 1 to 11%. For pear, Comice had greater incidence than Conference. Significant aggregation of diseased fruits among trees was detected for assessment dates when the overall incidence of disease was greater than 0·5%. On Cox and Conference, significant correlation of disease incidence between adjacent trees or trees separated by one or more trees (i.e. spatial lag measured as units of distance between adjacent trees) was detected, but there was no clear relationship between the correlation, the distance or time. For Comice, there was consistent and significant positive correlation of brown rot incidence over 3 years. It is speculated that behavioural characteristics of wounding agents may have played an important role in influencing the spatio-temporal dynamics of brown rot on apple and pear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00602.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature and relative humidity on conidial germination and viability, colonization and sporulation of Monilinia fructigena (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 50 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and relative humidity (RH) on the in vitro germination and viability of conidia of the apple brown rot fungus (Monilinia fructigena), and on colonization and sporulation on detached fruits by M. fructigena. Conidia only germinated under near-saturation humidity (≥ 97% RH) and the rate of germination initially increased with temperature to a maximum at ≈ 23–25°C and then decreased. Conidia germinated rapidly – more than 70% of viable conidia had germinated within 2 h at 20 and 25°C. The rate of colonization on detached fruits increased log-linearly with increasing temperature. Sporulation on detached fruits was not observed at 5 or 25°C; sporulation appeared to be unaffected by either temperature (10–20°C) or RH (45–98%) once infection was established. Detached conidia remained viable for a long period of time, up to 20 days, the longest assessment time in this study, depending on storage temperature (10 or 20°C) and RH (45 or 85%). Temperature appeared to be more important than RH in affecting conidial viability. Low temperature and high RH resulted in reduced loss of conidial viability. Storage at 10°C and 85% RH for up to 20 days appeared not to affect conidial viability. These results indicate that environmental conditions during the main UK growing seasons are unlikely to be limiting factors for the development of brown rot on apple.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00606.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature on the incubation and latent periods of hawthorn powdery mildew (Podosphaera clandestina) (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 49 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of temperature on the length of the incubation and latent periods of hawthorn powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera clandestina, were studied. At constant temperatures over the range 10–28°C, the incubation period ranged from 5 to 14 days and the latent period from 5 to 16 days; no visible colonies had developed at 30°C after 15 days. The relationships between temperature and the rates of fungus development within the incubation and latent periods were well described by a nonlinear model. The resulting curves were asymmetrically bell-shaped with an optimum temperature of approximately 23°C. The lengths of the incubation and latent periods under fluctuating temperatures were also determined, and were used to evaluate the models developed from constant temperature experiments for their accuracy of prediction. The incubation and latent periods under fluctuating temperature regimes were predicted using a rate-summation scheme with a time step of 24 min, by integrating the respective incubation and latent rate functions obtained under constant temperatures. The predicted incubation or latent periods agreed well with the observed values. Under constant temperature the interval between the times when symptoms and sporulation on the same leaflet were first observed was very short, on average 〈1 day, and was not significantly correlated with temperature. However, this interval was negatively correlated with mean temperature under fluctuating regimes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00520.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the length of the incubation period of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the incubation period of apple powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera leucotricha, were studied. At constant temperatures, incubation periods ranged from 3 to 12 days over temperatures 8°C–30°C, and no visible lesions developed at 32°C. A nonlinear model was developed to describe the relationship between temperature and the rate of mildew colony development. The resulting curve is bell-shaped with an optimum temperature at about 23°C. When this model was used to predict mildew development under fluctuating temperatures at an integration step of 48 min, however, it consistently overestimated development rate for fluctuating periods with average temperatures higher than 20°C. A nonlinear model was also fitted directly to the fluctuating temperature data, thus taking into account the nonlinear effect. The overestimation of development rate by the constant model for high temperatures was confirmed when the two models were compared. This overestimation probably resulted from differences in the levels of relative humidity between constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. Possible practical use of the model is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1996.tb02903.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On estimating non-linear response of fungal development under fluctuating temperatures (1996)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 45 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Published research concerning disease development often shows that the response of fungal development to temperature is non-linear. Unfortunately, this non-linear response has often been ignored when predicting fungal development under varying temperatures using non-linear models and when deriving fungal development models from data collected under fluctuating temperatures. In this paper, the magnitude of non-linear effects on fungal development is shown to depend on the types of non-linear models and on the extent of temperature fluctuations. A method is described, which has been used in other disciplines to fit non-linear models directly to varying temperatures. Hypothetical data were generated to demonstrate the usefulness of this method. With the underlying rate equation being non-linear, models derived from average temperatures underestimate the rates at intermediate temperatures; the greater the temperature fluctuation, the greater this underestimation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1996.d01-134.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal patterns of airborne conidia of Podosphaera leucotricha, causal agent of apple powdery mildew (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 44 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In each of the five years 1969 and 1971-1974 inclusive a volumetric spore trap was used in an apple orchard to monitor changes in the number of airborne conidia of Podosphaera leucotricha, the causal agent of apple powdery mildew. The number of trapped conidia varied greatly between years. Time-series analyses, using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, revealed that the temporal pattern of the number of airborne conidia was similar in all years, generally following a diurnal pattern with an afternoon peak. A strong correlation between consecutive hourly counts indicated that the number of trapped conidia depended on the strength of sporulating sources. Using the time-series transfer function (TF) method, it was shown that in each year the most important weather variables influencing the number of airborne conidia were vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and rainfall. Variation between years in the dynamic effects of these variables on conidium numbers was detected, and may reflect weather differences between years. Stepwise regression analysis was applied to the combined daily data for 1973 and 1974 using a subset of weather variables as independent variables, chosen on the basis of TF analysis. A resulting regression model accurately predicted the temporal pattern of conidium numbers (expressed as a percentage of the maximum daily number trapped in the same year) in both years. When this model was applied to the other three years there was good agreement between predicted and observed temporal patterns. Application of this regression model for practical disease control is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb02652.x
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