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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial Transformation in the Vertical Vestibulocollic Reflex (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 656 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25231.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain-stem Integrative Sites for Vestibulo-Sympathetic Reflexes (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 781 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb15764.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of muscle and cutaneous hindlimb afferents on L4 neurons whose activity is modulated by neck rotation (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 48-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neck reflexes ; L4 interneurons ; Group II input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We recorded extracellularly, in decerebrate, labyrinthectomized cats, from spontaneously active L4 neurons whose activity was modulated by head rotation, and studied the effects of stimulation of ipsilateral hindlimb nerves. Rotation of the head about the longitudinal (roll) axis was more effective than rotation about the transverse (pitch) axis or vertical (yaw) axis for this group of neurons. Most units received convergent excitatory or inhibitory inputs from several nerves, with excitation being more prominent. The most effective muscle nerves were quadriceps (37/43 neurons), sartorius (19/21) and tibialis anterior (17/ 35); stimulation of biceps posterior-semitendinosus, biceps anterior-semimembranosus, or gastrocnemius rarely influenced the firing of the neurons. Group I effects were present in only a small fraction of neurons; however, short latency (central latency ≤ 5 ms) group II effects were observed in almost one-third. Longer latency group II as well as group III inputs were also common. All neurons received inputs from mixed and cutaneous nerves which usually had low thresholds and central latencies 〉 5 ms. Most recording sites were in medial lamina VII or lamina VIII; some of the units were identified by antidromic stimulation as propriospinal neurons which projected to the lumbar enlargement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250566
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Participation of Ia reciprocal inhibitory neurons in the spinal circuitry of the tonic neck reflex (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 84 (1991), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tonic neck reflex ; Ia inhibitory neurons ; Neck receptors ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary As part of our studies of the spinal circuitry of the tonic neck reflex, we have recorded extracellularly from Ia reciprocal inhibitory neurons of the decerebrate, labyrinthectomized cat. The activity of a majority of neurons driven by stimulation of the quadriceps nerve was modulated by sinusoidal rotation of the neck; such modulation was much less frequent in the case of neurons driven by stimulation of nerves to more distal muscles. The results suggest that some of the inhibition which is part of the tonic neck reflex is mediated by Ia reciprocal inhibitory neurons, but that other pathways must also play an important role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231470
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of neurons in the caudal medullary raphe nuclei of the cat to stimulation of the vestibular nerve (1992)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 89 (1992), S. 323-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular system ; Raphe nuclei ; Spinal cord ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Vestibulosympa ; thetic reflex ; Orthostatic hypotension ; Cardiovascular regulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the decerebrate cat, recordings were made from neurons in the caudal medullary raphe nuclei to determine if they responded to electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve and thus might participate in vestibulo-sympathetic reflexes. Many of these cells projected to the upper thoracic spinal cord. The majority (20/28) of raphespinal neurons with conduction velocities between 1 and 4 m/s received vestibular inputs; 13 of the 20 were inhibited, and 7 were excited. Since many raphespinal neurons with similar slow conduction velocities are involved in the control of sympathetic outflow, as well as in other functions, these cells could potentially relay vestibular signals to sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The onset latency of the vestibular effects was long (median of 15 ms), indicating the inputs were polysynaptic. In addition, 34 of 42 raphespinal neurons with more rapid conduction velocities (6–78 m/s) also received long-latency (median of 10 ms) labyrinthine inputs; 26 were excited and 8 were inhibited. Although little is known about these rapidlyconducting cells, they do not appear to be involved in autonomic control, suggesting that the function of vestibular inputs to raphe neurons is not limited to production of vestibulosympathetic reflexes. One hypothesis is that raphe neurons are also involved in modulating the gain of vestibulocollic and vestibulospinal reflexes; this possibility remains to be tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228248
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connections of the caudal ventrolateral medullary reticular formation in the cat brainstem (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 116 (1997), S. 270-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Vestibular ; Blood pressure ; Cardiovascular ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Respiration ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A region of the caudal ventrolateral medullary reticular formation (CVLM) participates in baroreceptor, vestibulosympathetic, and somatosympathetic reflexes; the adjacent retroambigual area is involved in generating respiratory-related activity and is essential for control of the upper airway during vocalization. However, little is known about the connections of the CVLM in the cat. In order to determine the locations of terminations of CVLM neurons, the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine were injected into this region. These injections produced a dense concentration of labeled axons throughout the lateral medullary reticular formation (lateral tegmental field), including the retrofacial nucleus and nucleus ambiguus, regions of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, the lateral and ventrolateral aspects of the hypoglossal nucleus, nucleus intercalatus, and the facial nucleus. A smaller number of labeled axons were located in the medial, lateral, and commissural subnuclei of nucleus tractus solitarius, the A5 region of the pontine reticular formation, the ventral and medial portions of the spinal and motor trigeminal nuclei, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial nucleus. We confirmed the projection from the CVLM to both the rostral ventrolateral medulla and lateral tegmental field using retrograde tracing. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine or Fluorogold into these regions resulted in retrogradely labeled cell bodies in the CVLM. However, the neurons projecting to the lateral tegmental field were located mainly dorsal to those projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla, suggesting that these neurons form two groups, possibly with different inputs. Injections of retrograde tracers into the lateral tegmental field and rostral ventrolateral medulla also produced labeled cell bodies in other regions, including the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei and nucleus solitarius. These data are consistent with the view that the CVLM of the cat is a multifunctional area that regulates blood pressure, produces vocalization, affects the shape of the oral cavity, and elicits contraction of particular facial muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005755
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integration of somatic and visceral inputs by the brainstem Functional considerations (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 119 (1998), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Vestibular system ; Blood pressure ; Cardiovascular system ; Respiration ; Graviceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Studies of the brainstem have traditionally either focused on mechanisms for the control of limb or axial muscles or for the maintenance of homeostasis (e.g., the circuitry for the regulation of respiration or blood pressure). However, recent studies have demonstrated that movement and changes in cardiorespiratory activity often are coordinated, indicating a linkage between the pathways that control somatic motor activity and those that regulate respiration or circulation. Neurons in regions such as nucleus tractus solitarius and the lateral medullary reticular formation that regulate circulation and respiration have been shown to receive somatic sensory signals (including those from the vestibular system) indicating body position in space. In addition, somatic motor control may be influenced by signals from visceral receptors that provide cues regarding body position in space. Some areas of the brainstem may also participate directly in both motor control and regulation of blood pressure and respiration. Thus, a simple division of the brainstem into “somatic” and “autonomic” regions is no longer possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050342
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiovascular responses elicited by linear acceleration in humans (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 125 (1999), S. 476-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Linear acceleration ; Otolith organ ; Orthostatic hypotension ; Sympathetic nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although activation of otolith receptors is known to elicit cardiovascular responses in animals, it is unclear whether vestibular stimulation can evoke changes in blood pressure and heart rate (which are independent of motion sickness) in humans. In the present study, ten normal subjects and three patients with profound bilateral reduction in vestibular function, who were seated upright with the torso aligned with the gravitation vector, were subjected to fore, aft, or lateral linear acceleration (≈0.2 g, attaining ≈2 m/s in 900 ms, and decelerating for 3 s at 0.07 g). The head was fixed in the upright position, pitched maximally downward (chin on chest) or maximally backward (≈40–50°) during the accelerations. In normal subjects, all directions of linear acceleration produced an average increase in systolic blood pressure of approximately 7–9 mmHg and a rapid decrease in the interval between R-waves of the electrocardiogram of 14–27 ms; these responses persisted for only a few seconds. In contrast, the cardiovascular responses in patients with vestibular dysfunction were much smaller (e.g., the maximal pressor response to forward linear acceleration was 〈4 mmHg). Head position during accelerations had little effect on the cardiovascular responses that were elicited in the population of normal subjects. However, although the population response was similar across directions of acceleration and head positions, many individuals exhibited larger cardiovascular changes during some stimulus conditions than during others. These data suggest that vestibular stimulation during linear accelerations can produce cardiovascular responses in humans and support the hypothesis that the vestibular system contributes to maintaining stable blood pressure during movement and changes in posture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050705
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressor response elicited by nose-up vestibular stimulation in cats (1997)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 113 (1997), S. 165-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Otolith ; Labyrinth ; Blood pressure ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Orthostatic hypotension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine whether selective activation of vestibular receptors produces changes in blood pressure. Blood pressure was recorded during trapezoidal head rotations in cats with extensive denervations to eliminate nonlabyrinthine inputs that could be produced by the movements. Large (50°) nose-up trapezoidal head tilts produced an increase in blood pressure of approximately 18 mmHg; ear-down tilt produced little change in blood pressure. The changes in blood pressure began approximately 1.4 s after the plateau of the stimulus. The responses to nose-up tilt were abolished following intracranial transections of the WIIIth cranial nerves. These data suggest that vestibular inputs elicited by nose-up movements of the head act to rapidly increase blood pressure. This mechanism may contribute to counteracting the orthostatic hypotension induced by nose-up body rotation in quadrupeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02454153
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