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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM OF ORAL OESTRADIOL, OESTRONE AND OESTRIOL (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 88 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The absorption, metabolism and clearance of oestradiol, oestrone and oestriol from the peripheral circulation were investigated in five postmenopausal women after the oral administration of Hormonin (oestradiol 600 μg, oestrone 1400 μg, oestriol 270 μg) daily for five consecutive days. In addition the concentrations of plasma oestrone-3-sulphate, oestrone-3-glucuronide, LH and FSH were determined in the same plasma samples. The maximum concentrations of each steroid in peripheral plasma and the time intervals during which the peak occurred after ingestion of the last tablet were:—oestrone (750 to 2116 pmol/1, 0·5 to 6·0 hours), oestradiol (246 to 813 pmol/1, 1 to 8 hours), oestriol (173 to 241 pmol/1, 5 to 12 hours), oestrone-3-glucuronide (32·2 to 78·8 nmol/1, 0·5 to 3·0 hours) and oestrone-3-sulphate (21·9 to 39·0 nmol/1, 1 to 7 hours). The mean factorial increases in the concentration of each compound during the first 12 hours post-treatment over the baseline values were:—oestrone (4·1); oestradiol (4·4); oestriol (1·7); oestrone-3-sulphate (2·6) and oestrone-3-glucuronide (8·1). After treatment, the concentration of plasma oestradiol remained significantly higher than the baseline values (p 〈0·025) for 24 hours and the values for each subject were within the normal range for premenopausal women. Moreover, there was a significant reduction (p 〈 0·025) in the level of circulating LH. It is concluded that the simultaneous administration of oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol, by mouth, to postmenopausal women is a good approach to maintaining an appropriate concentration of oestradiol in peripheral plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1981.tb01312.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE UPTAKE OF 36Cl INTO ASTROCYTES IN TISSUE CULTURE BY A POTASSIUM-DEPENDENT, SATURABLE PROCESS (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 23 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Previous suggestions that the K+-dependent uptake of chloride by mammalian cerebral cortex is localized to cortical astrocytes has been investigated in two lines of neural cells in tissue culture. Hamster astrocytes and mouse neuroblastoma cells were each cultured on small glass cover slips in Eagle's (astrocytes) or Dulbecco's (neuroblastoma) supplemented media. At 48 h, cultures were incubated at 37°C for 1–60 min in the presence of 36Cl plus [3H]inulin (as a measure of extracellular space). In media containing approximately 140 mm chloride, the rate of uptake of 36Cl by the astrocytes was a function of the concentration of K+ (range 5–54 mm) in the medium, and the uptake was characterized by saturation kinetics and an apparent Km of 38·5 mm. The uptake was temperature and apparently energy dependent, significantly inhibited by 5 or 10 mm Br-, I-, SCN- or ClO4-, and competitively inhibited by 10 mm acetazolamide (Ki= 27·1 mm). None of these characteristics were observed with neuroblastoma cultures studied under similar conditions. In chloride-free media, the cellular K/Na ratio of the astrocytes shifted from the usual value of 4·55 to a value of 0·29, the culture medium became more alkaline than normal, and the cells spontaneously sloughed from the cover slips but remained normally viable. Our observations are the first to provide direct support for previous suggestions that there is a mediated, K+-dependent coupled cation, chloride and fluid uptake by mammalian cerebrocortical glia and that this uptake is an enzymatically catalysed process. The observations have been discussed in terms of a presumed central role for astrocytes in modulating the external ionic milieu of the neurons they surround and in terms of implications for epilepsy, stroke and cortical edema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb10753.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTERSPECIES CORRELATIONS OF CEREBRAL CORTICAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY AND CHLORIDE CONTENT: STUDIES ON THE BRAINS OF THE FIN WHALE (BAAENOPTERA PHYSALUS) AND THE SPERM WHALE (PHYSETER CATODON) (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 20 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Previously reported interspecies correlations of cerebral cortical oxygen consumption (as a function of average species body weight) and of cerebral cortical chloride content and acetylcholinesterase activity (as functions of average species brain weight) were confirmed by selected repetitions of the determinations and were further validated by inclusion of data from samples of cerebral cortex of the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and the sperm whale (Physeter catodon). Despite the fact that the samples of whale brain were obtained at 15–22 h after death and were preserved only by simply freezing on dry ice, no evidence of significant postmortem autolysis was obtained by examination of gangliosides, myelin basic proteins, acidic and amide residues of total isolated proteins, and lipid composition of cerebral cortical samples. The chloride content of whale cerebral cortex was 65.1 (± 12) μequiv./g, and the activity of acetylcholinesterase was 0.78 (± 0.28) μmol of acetylthiocholine hydrolysed min-1 g-1, with no differences in these values between the two species. The two interspecies correlations yielded regression curves with calculated slopes for chloride of +9.07 (± 0.37) and for acetylcholinesterase of -0–204 (± 0.006), each correlating significantly as functions of species brain weight at P 〈 0.001. Under optimal conditions of slow freezing and thawing of cerebral cortical slices equilibrated with 15 % (v/v) glycerol, oxygen consumption by the slices was only 50 per cent of the rate exhibited by fresh (unfrozen) slices. Despite the suboptimal conditions of freezing and thawing of the large (〉 200 g) samples of whale (and beef) brain, subsequently prepared slices of whale cerebral cortex respired at a rate of 20.6 (± 1.8) μmol of O2 taken up h-1 g-1, also 50 per cent of the value of 40.7 predicted by extrapolation for fresh (unfrozen) slices. When plotted as a function of species body weight, the data for oxygen consumption by previously frozen cortical slices paralleled the regression curve for fresh slices previously characterized by the expression, R = 5.4 W-0.1. The data obtained for the two species of great whales (brain weights, 6800–7800 g; body weights, 3–53 ± 104 kg) served to ‘anchor’ with more certainty the upper limits of the three interspecies correlations re-examined here and thus provided a better basis for predicting by extrapolation normal values for human cerebral cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12125.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ACTIVITIES OF BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE AND CARBONIC ANHYDRASE, THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSTS, AND THE QUESTION OF A CONSTANT DENSITY OF GLIAL CELLS IN CEREBRAL CORTICES OF VARIOUS MAMMALIAN SPECIES FROM MOUSE TO WHALE (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 20 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— The question of a constant density of glial cells in mammalian cerebral cortex regardless of species was examined by surveying the cortical activities of two enzymes primarily localized to dial cells. The cortical activity of butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) was essentially constant at a rate of approx. 0.1 μmol of butyrylthiocholine hydrolysed min-1 g-1 over the range of species from rat (brain wt., 1.6 g) to fin whale and sperm whale (brain wt., 6800 and 7800 g, respectively). Over the same range the activity of cortical acetylcholinesterase, a neuronal enzyme, decreases by a factor of 7. Thus, butyrylcholinesterase ranged from 〈 2 per cent (in small rodent brains) to approximately 10 per cent (in whale brain) of the cortical acetylcholinesterase activity. The cortical activity of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) was constant at a rate of 6.2 (± 0.25) μmol of CO2 evolved min-1 g-1 over the range of species from guinea-pig (brain wt., 4.75 g) to fin whale (brain wt., 6800 g). These data obtained by assaying the dehydration reaction were confirmed by limited assays of the esterase activity of the enzyme (with p-nitrophenylacetate as substrate) and agreed with limited, previously reported data for the hydration reaction. Thus, the circumstantial evidence strongly favoured a relative constancy of cortical glial cell density regardless of species.The rates of anaerobic glycolysis in the cerebral cortex of various species were also investigated. For six species from mouse (brain wt., 0.4 g) to beef (brain wt., 380 g) cortical anaerobic glycolysis varied only slightly in the range of 50–62 μmol of CO2 evolved h-1 g-l, whereas cortical oxygen consumption for the same range of species decreased by a factor of 3. Previously frozen samples of beef cortex glycolysed at 35 per Cent of the rate of fresh (unfrozen) samples. Since identical rates were obtained for previously frozen samples of fin whale cerebral cortex, we concluded that the relative constancy of cortical anaerobic glycolysis could be extended to the range from mouse to whale and that this aspect of cortical metabolism is probably primarily glial in localization. Some implications of the latter conclusion for the proposed role of astrocytes as modulators of neuronal activity have been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12126.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen consumption by frozen and thawed cerebrocortical slices from warm-adapted or hibernating hamsters: the protective effects of hibernation (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 27 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb01577.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A controlled trial of naproxen sodium for relief of pain associated with Vabra suction curettage (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 90 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. In a double-blind study naproxen sodium (550 mg), or placebo was administered 1 h before Vabra curettage and pain associated with the procedure was assessed immediately after operation and 30, 60 and 120 min later by visual analogue and verbal rating scales, and the McGill pain questionnaire. The pre-curettage anxiety of the patients was assessed by the Spielberger state anxiety inventory. Of the 58 patients, 51 (87.9%) reported pain during the procedure; there was no relation between the level of pain experienced and the pre-curettage anxiety score. Compared with the placebo group, the pain experienced by the naproxen group was significantly less as measured by the McGill pain questionnaire immediately after curettage, and by visual analogue scales 30 and 60 min after the procedure. The verbal rating scales showed that naproxen significantly reduced backache 30 min after curettage, and cramp immediately after the procedure and 30 and 60 min later but did not reduce the severity of the pain associated with the procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1983.tb09329.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of steps in heteroepitaxy: The case of aluminum on silicon (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 2943-2945 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have observed dominant epitaxial growth of Al(100) films on chemically cleaned, hydrogen terminated, off-oriented Si(111). The films were deposited by thermal evaporation at room temperature in ultrahigh vacuum. X-ray diffraction shows sharp and intense Al(200) diffraction, enhanced by postdeposition annealing. Crystal quality and the dominance of Al(100) structure depend strongly on the substrate treatment and the off-cut angle, both of which control the steps on the Si(111) surface. The steps were found responsible for the epitaxial alignment of the film and the substrate lattices. Details of this alignment were observed in transmission electron microscopy cross-sectional images of the interface. Our findings are in contrast to previously published results which indicate epitaxial growth of Al(111) on Si(111). © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112541
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric Constants of Dimethylsilicones (1954)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 46 (1954), S. 364-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50530a044
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Muscle Fibre Composition of the Bovine Tail: A Pilot Study (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 18 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0264
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A bovine tail was cross-sectioned at four vertebrae, to expose its muscles – dorsal extensors, ventral flexors and the lateral flexors that pass between the transverse processes. Muscle cross-sectional areas were measured at these faces and muscle sections were stained to distinguish slow and fast fibre types. From the muscle and fibre area data and fibre type occurrences, preliminary conclusions are drawn about the role of different muscles. The tail as a model for muscle studies is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0264.1989.tb00580.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixed function oxidases from germinating castor bean endosperm
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Phytochemistry 15 (1976), S. 379-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Euphorbiaceae ; N-demethylase. ; Ricinus communis ; castor bean ; cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase ; endoplasmic reticulum ; mixed function oxidase
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031-9422(00)86827-2
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