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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Historical Development of Idealism and Realism (1877)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6 (1877), S. 304-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0080-4401
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History
    Notes: Throughout the whole of man's mental development, which word in itself excludes any repetition or stagnation in history, we can trace action and reaction, or rather, according to Hegel's dialectics, “ progress by contrasts.” Certain ideas take root in humanity. They blossom, bear fruits, and then die away. Similar ideas shoot up again; not the same, but full of a new vigour and vitality, rooted in an altogether changed soil; composed of the intellectual blossoms and fruits of a previous era, nourished by the totally different mode of thinking, the increased or decreased amount of knowledge of new generations. This was the case with the acting and counteracting movements of idealism and realism in Greece. The ideas of Demokritos or Hippokrates were superseded by the idealistic arguments of Sokrates, whose principles formed the basis of the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle in the following century. The supernaturalism of Plato and the realism of Aristotle both had their followers, who read and understood them differently. We have first the celebrated physicist Strato, who looked upon the vôs of Aristotle as a mere consciousness of impressions. The activity of the soul was with him simply motion. He explained all existence and life as originating in the natural forces with which matter is endowed. Strato led to Epikurus, who was counteracted by the Stoiks, who, despite their professed idealism, were the most prominent materialists in physical science. We can trace an analogous phenomenon in our own times in which it often occurs, that men with theologically biased minds in metaphysical matters are the most pronounced realists where natural sciences are concerned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677992
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Historical Development of Idealism and Realism (1877)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5 (1877), S. 117-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0080-4401
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History
    Notes: “Generalizations drawn from particulars are the jewels of knowledge, comprehending great store in a little room,” says the immortal Locke. The more I see of our learned societies, the more I study the curricula of our different schools and educational establishments, the more thoroughly am I convinced that we persistently neglect the study of general history from a higher and a philosophical point of view; in fact, we appear scarcely to have attained the faculty to distinguish between geography, archology, genealogy, biography, ethnology, chronicles, heraldry, statistical reports, numismatics, and extracts from registers. We call everything that has happened history, and consider an old civic record, as devoid of influence on the destinies of humanity as the name, age, occupation, and domestic relations of one of the mummies under a glass case in our British Museum, an historical document of value. We are apt to confuse the task of the antiquary or of a contributor to Notes and Queries with that of the historian.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677949
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Science of History, Inaugural Address (1881)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (1881), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0080-4401
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History
    Notes: Six years ago I had the pleasure of reading a paper “On the Possibility of a strictly Scientific Treatment of Universal History,” and that which was at that time a mere aiggestion, has since become a firm conviction, based on indefatigable study, and the collection of innumerable facts.When called upon at the first meeting of the Council of the Royal Historical Society this session, to read an inaugural paper before the Fellows, I thought I could not do better than bring this conviction before you, so as, if possible, to make it your own.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0080440100001298
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Historical Development of Idealism and Realism (1880)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 8 (1880), S. 331-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0080-4401
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History
    Notes: The whole of humanity has developed in two circles,—an ante-Christian circle, which encompassed the Oriental, Greek, and Roman world; and a post-Christian circle, which is in its principal philosophical elements exclusively Teutonic. The different religious systems of the East culminated in Greek idealism; whilst the spiritual movement of Christianity brought us through the theologico-realistic and nominalistic phases to the culture of modern realism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677835
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Historical Development of Idealism and Realism (1878)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 7 (1878), S. 130-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0080-4401
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History
    Notes: The principal component elements in the progressive struggle of the historical development of Idealism and Realism were, “Hellenism ” on the one side, and a misunderstood “Christianity” on the other. Hellenism, in spite of its Platonic idealism, still represented the embodiment of the forces of nature, while Christianity strove for the spiritualization and “disembodiment” of all phenomena, and of man himself. This tendency, which took its origin in the ascetics of India and the mystic priests of Egypt, produced that grand and mighty phenomenon of monasticism, the aim of which was to retire from the world, and to attain a state of conscious blissfulness in this life. Monks were said to be able to dispense with food, to float in the air, to have intercourse with angels and sometimes also with demons, to see with bodily eyes the glories of the saints, to pierce the future, and to lead an incorporeal life in spite of their living bodies. An EgyptoBuddhistic Platonism began to sway the minds of Christian believers, and they thronged in tens of thousands to people deserts and woods, mountains and sea-shores, with anchorets, pillar saints, coenobites, and hermits. Humanity was apparently altogether absorbed in a spiritualized stoicism, applying Epicurus's principles to an ascetic life, finding joy, contentment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677885
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Possibility of a Strictly Scientific Treatment of Universal History (1874)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3 (1874), S. 380-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0080-4401
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History
    Notes: Though we may justly pride ourselves on possessing the greatest historical writers in Hume, Robertson, Gibbon, Grote, Thirlwall, Buckle, &c., there is scarcely a civilized country in this nineteenth century in which the study of universal history is so utterly neglected as in our own. Fostered by a certain learned caste, afraid that too much light thrown on the past might injure their interests in the present, a general opinion has gained ground that history, if studied from a universal or general point of view, can but produce a creditable kind of ignorance and nothing more. Bolingbroke, in opposition to this, tells us that the study of history seemed to him of all others “the most proper to train us up to private and public virtue.” I could quote a number of authorities, both ancient and modern, especially Scottish, German, French, Italian, and American writers, who place the study of history in the van of all studies. The Greek word ἱστορειν means to learn by inquiry, and ἱστορ⋯α is therefore information acquired by inquiry. All our sciences, however, whether abstract or concrete, speculative or technical, are but informations resulting from inquiry. The great question which presents itself in taking the historical development of humanity as a subject for research will be, whether such inquiry can be conducted on a strictly scientific basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677813
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immanuel Kant in his Relation to Modern History (1876)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4 (1876), S. 75-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0080-4401
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: History
    Notes: Single individuals stand to the general historical development of humanity in the same relation as do detached stones, statues, corbels, spires, or weather-cocks to a building. The individual, in the eyes of the philosophical historian, has only so far an interest as he forms a link in the great chain of human activity; or one stone in the historical dome. The individual is the outgrowth of his times, his dwelling-place or country, the intellectual and social atmosphere in which he has been reared and nourished. In proposing to read a paper on Immanuel Kant, I did not intend to occupy your time with his private life, or little biographical notices of his character, but to place before you my objective views as to his influence on our mode of thinking as the basis of our modern history. I purpose to keep to the general principles which I laid down before you in my paper “On the Possibility of a strictly Scientific Treatment of Universal History” (see vol. III., Transactions of Royal Historical Society, page 380), and shall try to apply those principles in sketching the development of an individual in whom the static and dynamic forces working in humanity were well balanced. Kant, as philosopher, is merely a link in a long chain of mighty speculative and empirical or deductive and inductive thinkers, who serve to illustrate, that from the earliest times of the awakening consciousness of humanity man tried to bring about an understanding of the natural and intellectual phenomena surrounding him.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677921
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