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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 20 (1977), S. 1636-1644 
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of medicinal chemistry 25 (1982), S. 1389-1401 
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Pty
    Clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology 30 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1440-1681
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: 1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in the progression of various cardiovascular diseases. One source of ROS is activated neutrophils, which can release superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide by membrane-bound NAD(P)H oxidases. These ROS not only destroy bacteria, but may also affect mammalian tissue. In addition, hydrogen peroxide serves as a substrate for myeloperoxidase, an enzyme that is released by activated neutrophils during inflammatory processes, as seen, for instance, in reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis. Myeloperoxidase catalyses the oxidation of chloride by hydrogen peroxide, yielding hypochlorite, an extremely potent oxidant.2. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of hypochlorite on a variety of receptor-dependent processes in rat isolated left atria and rat thoracic aorta and to compare these results with the phenomena observed after incubation with hydrogen peroxide.3. In the presence of hypochlorite (300 µmol/L), the positive inotropic response of α1-adrenoceptor stimulation by methoxamine (300 µmol/L) was converted into a negative inotropic response. In contrast, the positive inotropic effects of the β1/β2-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline (3 µmol/L) and endothelin (ET)-1 (100 nmol/L) remained largely unaffected.4. The inversion of α1-adrenoceptor-mediated inotropy was not obtained in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (500 µmol/L). Hydrogen peroxide did not affect the positive inotropic response of isoprenaline, but it completely abolished the inotropic effect of ET-1.5. The effect of cardiac M2-receptor stimulation was studied in the presence of hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. The negative inotropic response to acetylcholine (ACh) was significantly enhanced after hypochlorite incubation compared with control.6. In the rat thoracic aorta, endothelial function, evaluated by means of ACh-induced vasodilation, was completely abolished in the presence of hypochlorite (100 µmol/L), but remained unaffected by treatment with the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide.7. From these data, we conclude that hypochlorite exerts more toxic properties than its precursor hydrogen peroxide, leading to substantial physiological alterations in cardiac and vascular tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 256 (1967), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Arecaidin-Derivaten mit Muscarin-, Nicotinoder Atropin-artiger Wirkung auf die Magensaftsekretion und die Ulcusbildung wurde bei der Shay-Ratte untersucht. Einige Substanzen wurden zu Vergleichszwecken mit herangezogen. Die Dosierung der zu untersuchenden Substanzen wurde jeweils so gewählt, daß entweder ein deutlicher Effekt oder toxische Erscheinungen auftraten. 1. Papaverin zeigt einen schwach hemmenden Effekt auf die Uleusbildung, ohne die Magensaftsekretion zu beeinflussen. 2. Peripher wirkende Parasympathomimetica und Cholinesterasehemmstoffe steigern die Ulcusbildung und manchmal auch die Magensaftsekretion. 3. Nicotin beeinflußt die Ulcusbildung nicht, hemmt jedoch die Sekretion. Bei reserpinisierten Tieren wird die Ulcusentwicklung durch Nicotin gesteigert. Reserpin erhöht die Ulcusentstehung und auch die Magensaftsekretion. 4. Nach vorhergehender bilateraler Adrenalektomie werden Magensaftbildung und Ulcusentstehung bei der Shay-Ratte stark gehemmt. Der pH-Wert des Magensaftes nimmt bis 3–4 zu (bei allen anderen Substanzen blieb dieser Wert unverändert, d. h. etwa 1,5). Die Tiere waren nach der Adrenalektomie für 14 Tage mit Cortexon substituiert worden. 5. Alle untersuchten Arecaidin-Derivate hemmen deutlich die Magensaftbildung und Ulcusgenese. Außer den Atropin-artig wirkenden Verbindungen dieser Reihe zeigen auch Muscarin- und Nicotin-artig wirkende Substanzen diesen Effekt. Trotz der ausgeprägten Muscarin-artigen Wirkung besitzt Arecolin an der Shay-Ratte eine deutliche Hemmwirkung. Das zentralwirkende Cholinergicum Tremorin zeigt ebenfalls eine deutliche Hemmwirkung. Im Gegensatz zu den peripher-angreifenden Parasympathomimetica wirken offensichtlich die „zentralen“ Cholinergica hemmend auf Ulcusentstehung und Magensaftproduktion bei der Shay-Ratte. Diese unterschiedliche Wirkung von peripher- und zentral-angreifenden Cholinergica konnte nicht erklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The influence on ulcer development and gastric juice production was investigated for five arecaidine derivatives with muscarine-, nicotine- or atropine-like action. The “Shay rat” was used as an experimental model. In order to determine scope and limitations of the model, a number of drugs with a well-established action was tested at first. The drugs were given in doses which were so high that either a significant action was achieved or toxic symptoms appeared. 1. Without impairment of gastric secretion, papaverine slightly inhibited the ulcer formation. 2. Peripherally acting parasympathomimetic drugs and cholinesterase inhibiting agents increased the ulcer development and sometimes also the production of gastric juice. 3. Nicotine did not influence formation of ulcera although the secretion of gastric juice was slightly inhibited. In reserpine-pretreated animals, nicotine enhanced the formation of experimental ulcera. Reserpine as such increased both ulcus development and gastric secretion. 4. The secretion of gastric juice and also the development of ulcera was markedly inhibited after bilateral adrenalectomy. The pH-value of the gastric juice increased from about 1.5 until 3–4. After adrenalectomy the animals were treated during a fortnight with cortexon. 5. All arecaidine derivatives investigated provoked a pronounced inhibition of gastric juice production and ulcer development. Apart from the atropine-like acting compounds of this series the muscarine- and nicotine-like drugs also had this effect. Notwithstanding its muscarine-like character, arecoline possessed marked inhibitory activity. Tremorine, a central-cholinergic drug also showed inhibitory properties in the Shay-rat. In contrast to peripherally acting parasympathomimetic drugs, compounds with a central cholinergic character obviously inhibit the development of experimental ulcers and of the gastric juice production in the Shay-rat. These different actions of peripheral and central cholinomimetic compounds could not be explained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 339 (1989), S. 403-408 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Muscarinic receptors ; Coronary artery ; Basilar artery ; Atrium ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The affinity of various muscarinic antagonists for the muscarinic receptors mediating contraction (induced by acetyl-\-methylcholine) of the isolated pig coronary and basilar artery was determined in order to compare the muscarinic receptor subtype involved in the contractile response of these arteries. In order to identify the muscarinic receptor subtype(s) involved, the affinity of the antagonists for the M2 receptor present in the pig atria was also investigated. The following muscarinic antagonists were used: atropine, pirenzepine, AF-DX 116 (11-2{{2-{(diethyl-amino)methyl} -1- piperidinyl}acetyl} - 5, 11- dihydro - 6H - pyrido {2, 3 - b} {, 4}benzodiazepin - 6 - one), 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide), HHSiD (hexahydrosiladifenidol), methoctramine (N, N′- bis{6 - {(2 - methoxybenzyl)amino} hexyl} -1, 8 - octane - diamine tetrahydrochloride) and ipratropium. The order of affinity of the antagonists with respect to the muscarinic receptor in the coronary artery was clearly different from that for the muscarinic receptor in the basilar artery. The order of affinity established on the basilar artery closely resembled that for the M2 receptor in the atria. It is concluded that the muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle of the coronary and basilar arteries are not identical. The muscarinic receptor involved in the contraction of the basilar artery adheres to the M2 receptor subtype. A comparison of the selectivity of the antagonists suggests that the muscarinic receptor involved in the contraction of the coronary artery belongs to the M3 (like in exocrine glands) or M4 (as found in ileal smooth muscle) receptor subtype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Calcium entry blockers ; Vascular smooth muscle ; Agonist-sensitive calcium pool ; Ca2+-free medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We calculated the contribution of the intracellular releasable calcium pool to the contractile responses induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) by constructing time-response curves to the agonists in Ca2+-deficient medium in the isolated rat jugular vein and aorta. Biexponential curves were obtained compatible with a two compartment model. In the aorta the intracellular calcium pools are likely to be different for both 5-HT and NA. Moreover, we investigated the effect of maximally effective concentrations of calcium entry blocking agents (CEB's) on K+, 5-HT- and NA-induced contractions in Ca2+-containing medium. Only a moderate inhibiting effect of nifedipine, diltiazem, flunarizine and gallopamil on 5-HT and NA-induced Ca2+ influx could be observed; in contrast, K+-induced Ca 2+ influx could be antagonized completely. The calculated contribution of intracellular Ca 2+ to 5-HT-and NA-induced contractions, obtained from the experiments in Ca2+-“free” medium was much lower than that obtained after pretreatment with CEB's, leading to the conclusion that after CEB-pretreatment a Ca2+ influx component persists. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that contractions in Ca2+-“free” medium consist of a monophasic, fast response only, whereas after CEB-pretreatment a response similar to the control, including a slow, sustained component, was obtained. The Ca2+ influx component not affected by maximally effective concentrations of CEB's seems to represent an inflow of extracellular Ca2+ directly into the cytosol and not into an intracellular calcium store.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 258 (1967), S. 297-308 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Atria of guinea pigs ; 3H-digoxin ; Digoxin-binding ; Vorhof des Meerschweinchens ; 3H-Digoxin ; Digoxin-Bindung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An isolierten Meerschweinchenvorhöfen wird die Austauschgeschwindigkeit von 3H-Digoxin bei bestehendem chemischen Digoxin-Gleichgewicht zwischen Gewebe und extracellulärer Flüssigkeit gemessen. Für drei Konzentrationen (1·10−7, 5·10−7 und 2,5·10−6 g/ml) bestimmten wir jeweils den Austauschvorgang Extracellulärraum → Zelle und Zelle → Extracellulärraum und verglichen ihn mit dem einfachen Aufnahme- bzw. Abgabeprozeß. Zur Messung der 3H-Aktivität wurde das Vorhofgewebe durch Hyamin-Hydroxid verflüssigt und die Radioaktivität mittels der Flüssigkeitsszintillationszählung bestimmt. Da auf Grund chromatographischer Analysen ein Abbau von Digoxin in der Herzmuskulatur ausgeschlossen werden konnte, ist die gemessene 3H-Aktivität ein Maß für die im Muskel vorhandene 3H-Digoxin-Konzentration. Die Geschwindigkeiten der Austauschvorgänge in beiden Richtungen entsprechen sich, sind aber deutlich geringer als die Aufnahmegeschwindigkeit. Sie gleichen aber der einfachen Abgabegeschwindigkeit. Wir stellen folgende Hypothese zur Diskussion: 1. Der Aufnahmeprozeß ist ein Maß für die Membranpermeabilität für Digoxin. 2. Der Abgabe- und die Austauschprozesse spiegeln die Bindung von Digoxin an celluläre Strukturen wider und sind durch die Dissoziationskonstanten der Digoxin-Zellstruktur-Komplexe bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary The exchange of 3H-digoxin between extracellular fluid and the tissues was investigated in guinea pig isolated atria. Throughout the experiments there existed a chemical equilibrium between the digoxin in the bath and that in the tissues. The exchange processes extracellular space → cell and cell → extracellular space were determined for three different digoxin concentrations in the bath, i.e. 1×10−7, 5×10−7 and 2.5×10−6 g digoxin/ml. For each bath concentration the exchange was compared with the corresponding uptake and release processes of 3H-digoxin, which had been established previously. For the determination of the tritium concentration the organs were digested in Hyaminehydroxide. In the solution thus obtained radioactivity was determined by means of liquid scintillation spectrometry. Chromatographic studies have demonstrated that in atrial tissue the cardiac glycoside is not metabolized to a measurable extent. Accordingly, the total radioactivity determined is a measure for the 3H-digoxin content of the organs. The exchange rates in both directions are approximately the same. These rates, however, proved considerably lower than the uptake rate. Nevertheless, there is no difference between the rate of exchange and the release of 3H-digoxin. In order to explain these experimental findings, we have proposed the following hypothesis: 1. The uptake process is probably determined by the membrane's permeability for digoxin; 2. for the release, but also for the exchange processes (in both directions) the binding of digoxin to so far unknown cellular structures seems to be decisive. Accordingly, the rates of these processes may be considered as a measure for the dissociation constants of the complexes formed between digoxin and the cellular structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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