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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Les variations de la phototaxie des larves de crustacés sous l'action de divers polluants métalliques: mise au point d'un test de toxicité subléthale (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 34 (1976), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variations in orientation and photokinesis of Carcinus maenas and Palaemon serratus Zoeas I were studied in the presence of excess cobalt and strontium chlorides or silver nitrate. The speed of movement of larvae toward light (phototaxis) appears to constitute a good parameter for testing sublethal toxicity. The salts are toxic to crab larvae in the following decreasing order of toxicity: silver nitrate, cobalt chloride, strontium chloride. Within 4 days, orientation of C. maenas Zoea I was disturbed by excess CoCl2 and AgNO3 in the range 0.01 to 0.1 mg/l, and by excess SrCl2 in the order of 100 mg/l. For P. serratus Zoea I, the corresponding values were 100 to 500 mg/l CoCl2, 100 mg/l AgNO3, and above 500 mg/l SrCl2. C. maenas photokinesis was decreased by amounts of 0.001 mg/l of CoCl2 or AgNO3 within a period of only 2 to 3 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388801
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in the mussel Mytilus edulis (1986)
    Springer
    Marine biology 90 (1986), S. 425-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The understanding of natural fluctuations of metal concentrations in mussels used as bio-indicators is indispensable for a good assessment of the disturbances due to pollution. We have studied thoroughly the factors which condition bioaccumulation by using controlled populations of mussels, Mytilus edulis L., sampled monthly over more than two years (March 1982–May 1984) in the Bay of Bourgneuf, France. Seasonal changes in metal levels have been recognized, maximum values being observed in winter and early spring and minimum in later spring and summer. Depending on metal and size group, the ratios between these maximum and minimum values varied between 1.56 and 3.43. The fluctuations in soft-tissue weight appear to be the main explanatory factor of seasonal variations in metal concentrations in mussels. Fluctuations in metal levels related to size of mussels were observed. Except for cadmium in mussels with a mean dry weight of soft tissues 〉0.2 g, a slight decrease in metal concentrations was observed for growing individuals: the regression coefficient b was -0.10, -0.11, -0.13 and -0.27 for Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, respectively. The metals examined were rather uniformly distributed among the different groups of organs (visceral mass, gills and palps, “remainder”) and, consequently, several analyses of metals in different organs do not provide much more information than one analysis on the whole soft tissues. It is concluded that fluctuations related to size or season are reflected by only moderate differences in the maximum and minimum concentrations of metals in the mussels, but that they are nevertheless sufficient to conceal low chronic or short-term pollution, except at those sites where the “normal” environmental conditions are well-documented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428566
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal Selenium Variations in Mussels and Oysters from a French Marine Farm
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 6 (1993), S. 370-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0889-1575
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfca.1993.1041
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modalités de la contamination d'une chaine trophique marine benthique par l'argent 110 m (1978)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 31 (1978), S. 444-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume L'organotropisme de l'argent 110 m chez un MollusqueScrobicularia plana et un CrustacéCarcinus maenas varie considérablement selon la voie de contamination: après contamination directe par l'eau ce sont les organes externes qui accumulent le plus l'argent 110 m (coquille et manteau de la Scrobiculaire, exosquelette et branchies du Crabe) tandis qu'après contamination par l'intermédiaire de la nourriture c'est l'hépatopancréas qui retient la quasi-totalité de l'argent radioactif. La mue des Crustacés aura une grande importance dans la décontamination de l'animal après contamination par l'eau car l'exuvie est constituée de tous les organes les plus contaminés. L'autoépuration des divers organes des animaux se fait différentiellement selon la voie de contamination. Elle est en général rapide pour les organes externes et lente pour l'hépatopancréas. Malgré une contamination importante des organes externes, ces derniers entraînent une dose d'irradiation au centre de l'animal plus faible que celle subie par l'hépatopancréas.
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of110mAg was studied in various invertebrates of a marine benthic food chain as a consequence of the immersion in contaminated seawater and/or ingestion of radioactive food. The studies on110mAg distribution were carried out at the end of the experimental contamination (when equilibrium was reached) and during the slow stage of elimination. After contamination via the surrounding water, uptake of110mAg occurs mainly in external organs: shells (34%) and mantle (16%) of the bivalveScrobicularia plana, exoskeleton (40%) and gills (38%) of the crabCarcinus maenas. On the contrary, contamination via food is responsible for a considerable accumulation of110mAg in the digestive glands ofS. plana (75%) andC. maenas (56%). Moulting plays an important role in the decontamination of crabs following immersion in radioactive seawater owing to the strong contamination of the exuviae. The elimination of110mAg from the different organs of the animals examined depends upon the mode of contamination: it is generally fast in external organs and slow in the digestive gland. Radiation doses for molluscs and crustaceans were calculated following experimental contaminations by water and food. A significant contamination of external organs is responsible for a radiation dose (in the centre of the test animals) weaker than that instigated by the accumulation of110mAg in the digestive gland. Thus, with regard to contamination, the ambient water is important; but, from the point of view of irradiation, radioactive food is generally more important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189493
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution to the ecotoxicological study of cadmium, copper and zinc in the mussel Mytilus edulis (1986)
    Springer
    Marine biology 92 (1986), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A regulation of internal levels of some essential metals has been observed in various animals, whereas the bioaccumulation of several non-essential metals parallels their overloads in water. In the mussel Mytilus edulis L., we have attempted to determine if such a phenomenon exists by comparing the patterns of accumulation of copper and zinc vs cadmium. With this aim, mussels collected in the Bay of Bourgneuf (France) in November 1983 were exposed to these metals for 16 d. At external levels of zinc as high as 100 μgl-1, mussels were able to maintain a normal concentration in all groups of organs for 4 d. The ability of mussels to limit the bioaccumulation of copper and zinc varied from organ to organ, and decreased with higher levels of contamination and longer periods of exposure. In contrast, at the lowest experimental concentration and the lowest period of exposure, a significant increase of cadmium in mussel tissues was generally observed. Even at the highest sub-lethal doses, the levels of copper and zinc in mussel tissues were not much higher than the natural levels (contaminated:background ratios= 2.3 to 6.1), whereas the bioaccumulation of cadmium was less well restricted (contaminated:background ratios=136 to 192). The use of mussels as a bioindicator of pollution seems doubtful for essential metals, particularly as regards short-term pollution, since the levels of these trace elements in the organisms are largely independent of their concentration in the ambient seawater.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392739
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate and effects of soluble or sediment-bound arsenic in oysters (Crassostrea gigas thun.) (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 38-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Contaminated sediments are a possible source of stress to the benthic biota. In order to examine this way of transfer concurrently with direct exposure, oysters were exposed to As dissolved in natural seawater or loaded to particles. The sediment used as a vector of transfer was a mud from a coastal area devoted to oyster culture, the finest particles of which have been selected. It was submitted to experimental contamination then to in vitro desorption tests, in which enzymes and pH changes were used to mimic the digestive processes in Molluscs. Although different enzymes or pH induced the desorption of 3 to 24% of sediment-bound arsenic, the accumulation of this element in the soft tissues of oysters remained low after exposure to contaminated particles. The uptake of soluble arsenic was also limited although checking the level of arsenic in seawater every day revealed no significant decrease of the contaminant in the experimental medium. However, cytological effects were noted in oysters exposed to sediment-bound arsenic and moreover to soluble arsenic. They consisted of structural alterations of mitochondria and nuclei, suggesting a disturbance of both the cellular respiratory metabolism and nucleotid incorporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203905
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate and Effects of Soluble or Sediment-Bound Arsenic in Oysters (Crassostrea gigas Thun.) (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (1996), S. 38-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Contaminated sediments are a possible source of stress to the benthic biota. In order to examine this way of transfer concurrently with direct exposure, oysters were exposed to As dissolved in natural seawater or loaded to particles. The sediment used as a vector of transfer was a mud from a coastal area devoted to oyster culture, the finest particles of which have been selected. It was submitted to experimental contamination then to in vitro desorption tests, in which enzymes and pH changes were used to mimic the digestive processes in Molluscs. Although different enzymes or pH induced the desorption of 3 to 24% of sediment-bound arsenic, the accumulation of this element in the soft tissues of oysters remained low after exposure to contaminated particles. The uptake of soluble arsenic was also limited although checking the level of arsenic in seawater every day revealed no significant decrease of the contaminant in the experimental medium. However, cytological effects were noted in oysters exposed to sediment-bound arsenic and moreover to soluble arsenic. They consisted of structural alterations of mitochondria and nuclei, suggesting a disturbance of both the cellular respiratory metabolism and nucleotid incorporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203905
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Studies of Sequestration Mechanisms of Cd and Cu in the Marine Diatom Skeletonema costatum (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 33 (1997), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The marine diatom Skeletonema costatum was used to study mechanisms of detoxification when submitted to cadmium and copper contamination. After 96 h of growth, concentration corresponding to 50% growth inhibition (IC50, 96 h) was 0.224 mg/L for cadmium and 0.045 mg/L for copper, indicating that copper is more toxic for S. costatum than cadmium. Heavy cellular damages were observed for cadmium and copper concentrations close to the IC50. Exposure to these concentrations induced a migration of inclusions from the peripheral cytoplasm to the vacuole. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) investigations demonstrated that Cd and Cu were specifically trapped in these inclusions. However, Cu was less sequestered than cadmium in the vacuole. EELS determination of oxidation states evidenced that trace metals were sequestered as Cd2+ and Cu2+. Nitrogen and sulfur are involved in metallic storage, especially in the case of cadmium contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900236
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability and toxicity of sediment-bound lead to a filter-feeder bivalve Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) (1995)
    Springer
    BioMetals 8 (1995), S. 280-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: lead ; suspended sediment ; oyster ; bioavailability ; cytopathology ; electron probe microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two different approaches were used to study the bioavailability of sediment-bound lead. In vitro techniques simulating the potential metal desorption under conditions prevailing in the digestive tract were assayed on a contaminated sediment. An experimental model of a food chain was designed to determine the retention of lead in the soft tissues of oysters according to the environmental source of the metal (water or sediment). Neither enzymatic action nor leaching at low pH (both aspects of digestion) induce the release of important lead amounts from particles. Therefore, after 3 weeks of exposure, the retention of lead from the trophic source is lower (1%) compared with direct contamination (5%). Lysosomes are the major intracellular structures responsible for lead storage in the gills, digestive tract and digestive gland. The abundance of lysosomes and their lead amount vary according to the gross concentrations in the soft tissues. The cytopathological data are in agreement with the results about lead accumulation: in oysters exposed to sediment-bound lead, impairments are not so marked as in individuals contaminated directly from water but the same organelles are concerned. Mitochondrial impairments may be related to the effect of lead on cellular respiration processes and changes involving the granular endoplasmic reticulum may have an effect on the level of protein synthesis. Cellular extrusions carrying away numerous lysosomes loaded with lead could account for the balancing of lead incorporation between 2 and 3 weeks of exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00141600
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etude du transfert de quelques oligo-éléments dans les chaînes trophiques néritiques et estuariennes: Accumulation biologique chez les poissons omnivores et super-carnivores (1980)
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 34 (1980), S. 179-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five species of fishes(Dicentrarchus labrax, Gobius microps, Stizostedion lucioperca, Gadus luscus, Merlangius merlangus) and their major prey organisms were collected monthly from two stations in the Loire estuary (France). The levels of several trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in their tissues were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cu were shown to decrease in the highest trophic levels: the relatively highest metal levels were determined in annelids, followed by crustaceans, the lowest levels being encountered in fishes. However, a preferential uptake of Cu was observed in crustaceans. There is no biomagnification for these three metals, the concentrations in preys being generally lower than in predators. For Zn, the highest concentrations were measured in worms and copepods but preys such as shrimps and mysids exhibit values of the same order of magnitude compared to predator fishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01984039
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