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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of the X2 box in activated transcription from the DRA promoter in B cells (1997)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 46 (1997), S. 318-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We investigated the function of the evolutionary conserved X2 box in the promoter of the HLA-DRA gene from the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in resting and activated B cells. NF-X2, which contains members of the AP-1/ATF/CREB families of transcription factors, interacts with the X2 box (5′-TGCGTCA-3′) from positions –97 to –91 in the DRA promoter. In resting Raji cells, little to no binding to the X2 box was observed. In sharp contrast, in B cells treated with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), strong interactions between the X2 box and NF-X2 containing c-Fos were observed. As determined by transient expression and RNA analyses, the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) also increased rates of transcription from the wild-type DRA promoter but not from a DRA promoter bearing clustered point mutations in the X2 box. Since the co-expression with a dominant negative c-Fos abolished the responsiveness to TPA, we conclude that activated transcription of the DRA gene depends on interactions between the X2 box and NF-X2, which contains c-Fos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050278
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Letter to the editor (1991)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 34 (1991), S. 66-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212316
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationship between human major histocompatibility complex HLA-DR haplotypes (1996)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 43 (1996), S. 304-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  HLA-DR haplotypes of the human major histocompatibility complex are organized in five different groups. They can be identified based on the serological specificity expressed by the polymorphic DRB1 locus and by the presence of a characteristic set of DRB genes. The nucleotide sequences of introns 4 and 5 of the two DRB genes (DRB1 * 01 and DRB6 * 01) from a DR1 haplotype and the three DRB genes (DRB1 * 15, DRB6 * 15, and DRB5 * 15), from a DR51 haplotype were determined. This study identified endogenous retroviral long terminal repeat elements (ERV9 LTR) located at identical positions in intron 5 of the DRB1 genes in both the DR1 and DR51 haplotypes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a close evolutionary relationship between these two haplotypes. The DRB5 gene, unique for the DR51 haplotype, may have been lost by a recent gene deletion event creating the DR1 haplotype. A model for the evolution of the human DR haplotypes involving separate duplication and contraction events is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050067
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ventral spino-oiivocerebellar system in the cat IV. Spinal transmission after administration of clonidine and L-Dopa (1978)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 33 (1978), S. 227-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventral spino-olivocerebellar paths ; L-Dopa ; Clonidine ; Segmental reflex ; Internal monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The transmission from the flexor reflex afferents (FRA) to the spino-olivocerebellar paths ascending through the ventral funiculus (VF-SOCPs; Oscarsson and Sjölund, 1977) was compared with the transmission from the FRA to segmental reflex arcs in cats with the spinal cord transected in the third cervical segment sparing only the ventral funiculus on one side. The climbing fiber responses evoked in Purkinje cells by electrical stimulation of limb nerves were monitored by recording the mass activity at the cerebellar surface simultaneously from several termination zones, while the flexion reflex was recorded from a flexor nerve and the primary afferent depolarization (PAD) from a dorsal root filament. 2. Changes in the segmental reflex responses were produced by i.v. injections of 1-Dopa and Clonidine. L-Dopa produced the expected depression of the flexion reflex and the FRA-induced PAD in the FRA, whereas Clonidine depressed only the flexion reflex but did not affect or even enhanced the FRA-induced PAD in the FRA. 3. The changes in transmission to one of the ascending paths, the a-VF-SOCP, parallelled that in the flexion reflex arc. The transmission to another path, the b2-VF-SOCP, parallelled that in the pathway responsible for the FRA-induced PAD in the FRA. 4. The remaining hindlimb paths, the c1- and c3-VF-SOCPs, monosynaptically activated from primary afferents, were little influenced by the changes induced in the segmental reflex arcs. 5. It is suggested that the a- and b2-VF-SOCPs carry information related to interneuronal activity in segmental centers, whereas the c1- and c3-VF-SOCPs forward information mainly related to peripheral events .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238062
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutual inhibition between olivary cell groups projecting to different cerebellar microzones in the cat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 54 (1984), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Inferior olive ; Climbing fibre microzones ; Mutual inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was carried out predominantly on the b zone in the lateral vermis of the cerebellar anterior lobe. This zone is divided into sagittally oriented microzones which receive a somatotopically organized climbing fibre input. 1. It was shown that the climbing fibre input to one microzone is inhibited by stimulation of a nerve that projects to an adjacent microzone. 2. The degree of inhibition was related to the proximity of the microzones involved. 3. The latency of the inhibition was short and the duration 70–110 ms. 4. The inhibition of climbing fibre responses occurred in the inferior olive and was presumably due to post-synaptic inhibition of the olivo-cerebellar neurones. 5. The mutual inhibition could be produced by antidromic activation of olivo-cerebellar neurones. 6. An inhibition with similar properties as in the b zone, but weaker, was observed between forelimb and hindlimb inputs to the c1 and c3 zones in the pars intermedia. In the c3 zone, an inhibition between adjacent forelimb microzones also occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236230
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climbing fiber microzones in cerebellar vermis and their projection to different groups of cells in the lateral vestibular nucleus (1978)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 32 (1978), S. 565-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral vestibular nucleus ; Cerebellum ; Inferior olive ; Ventral spino-olivocerebellar paths ; Microzone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The projections from one of the paths (b-VF-SOCP) in the ventral spino-olivocerebellar system to the cortical b-zone located in the lateral part of the anterior lobe vermis and to the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) have been studied in cats with the spinal cord transected at C3 sparing only the contralateral ventral funiculus. The projection to the b-zone was studied by recording climbing fiber responses in single Purkinje cells on stimulation of limb nerves. The projections to the LVN, direct through climbing fiber collaterals and indirect through Purkinje cells, were studied by recording EPSPs and IPSPs in LVN neurons. 2. The Purkinje cells in the b-zone were arbitrarily divided into five groups with different inputs and occupying different microzones each with a width of about 200 μm. On passing medially across the b-zone the microzones had the following input characteristics: 1. activation exclusively from hindlimb nerves, 2. short-latency activation from hindlimb and long-latency activation from forelimb nerves, 3. short-latency activation from hindlimb and forelimb nerves, 4. short-latency activation from forelimb and long-latency activation from hindlimb nerves, and 5. activation exclusively from forelimb nerves. 3. The five microzones projected to different groups of LVN neurons which occurred intermingled throughout the nucleus. The LVN neurons inhibited from a certain microzone were activated by the collaterals of the climbing fibers projecting to that microzone. 4. The organization of the spino-olivo-cerebello-vestibulo-spinal path is discussed. It is suggested that the microzone and collection of subcortical neurons represent the basic computational unit of the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239553
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity of Purkinje cells and interpositus neurones during and after periods of high frequency climbing fibre activation in the cat (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 533-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Inferior olive ; Purkinje cells ; Interposito-olivary neurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells and interpositus neurones was recorded during and after periods of high frequency (2.5–7.5 Hz) climbing fibre activation in barbiturate-anaesthetized cats. 1. During the high frequency conditioning stimulation, the Purkinje cell simple spike (SS) firing was initially silenced in all zones studied. After a few seconds, the SS reappeared and the frequency increased to well above that of the control level after approximately 10 s. Thereafter, the SS rate started to decline so that, after 15–20 s, the Purkinje cells fired no more SS. This SS silence lasted up to 60 s, whether or not the stimulation was continued. 2. The Purkinje cells responded with a complex spike (CS) to every stimulus. If the high-frequency stimulation lasted for at least 15 s, the spontaneous CS discharge of the Purkinje cells in the c1, c2, and c3 zones was suppressed after the conditioning stimulation had ended. This suppression lasted for approximately the same length of time as the SS silence. In the b zone, however, no CS suppression was observed. 3. Interpositus neurones displayed an increased discharge rate after periods of conditioning stimulation, thus displaying a mirror image of the Purkinje cell SS firing. 4. The behaviour of the neurones agrees well with the behaviour predicted by an hypothesis of the olivo-cerebello-olivary loop (Andersson and Hesslow 1987). 5. The results suggest that the cerebello-olivary projection is topographically organized and matches the microzonal organization in the olivo-cerebellar projection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00247286
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projections to lateral vestibular nucleus from cerebellar climbing fiber zones (1978)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 32 (1978), S. 549-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral vestibular nucleus ; Cerebellum ; Inferior olive ; Ventral spino-olivocerebellar path ; Sagittal organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The olivary projections to the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN), direct and excitatory through climbing fiber collaterals and indirect and inhibitory through climbing fiber activated Purkinje cells, were investigated in cats with the spinal cord transected at C3 sparing only the contralateral ventral funiculus. In this preparation all spinocerebellar paths are interrupted except the ventral spino-olivocerebellar paths (VF-SOCPs). Three VF-SOCPs responding with different latencies and receptive fields on limb nerve stimulation project to different sagittal zones in the anterior lobe vermis: the a-zone medially and the b-zone laterally in the vermis and the c1-zone in the extreme lateral part of the vermis and the medial part of the pars intermedia. 2. The EPSPs evoked through climbing fiber collaterals and the following IPSPs evoked through climbing fiber activated Purkinje cells were recorded intracellularly from LVN neurons on limb nerve stimulation. Simultaneously the climbing fiber responses evoked in Purkinje cells located in the a-, b- and c1-zones were recorded as positive potentials from the cerebellar surface. 3. Three groups of LVN neurons were distinguished: X neurons (about 20 %) which did not receive excitation or inhibition from the olivary paths, aCF neurons (about 5%) which received excitation and inhibition from the olivary path projecting to the a-zone, and bCF neurons (about 75 %) which received excitation and inhibition from the olivary path projecting to the b-zone. No LVN neurons were related to the c1-zone. 4. The aCF and bCF neurons occurred intermingled throughout the LVN. The X neurons occurred predominantly in its ventral part. 5. The findings are discussed in relation to a hypothesis of cerebellar organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239552
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinal, trigeminal, and cortical climbing fibre paths to the lateral vermis of the cerebellar anterior lobe in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spino-olivocerebellar paths ; Trigeminoolivocerebellar paths ; Cortico-olivocerebellar paths ; Climbing fibres ; Cerebellum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spinal, trigeminal and cortical climbing fibre projection to the lateral vermis of the cerebellar anterior lobe in the cat has been investigated. The b zone, which occupies a one mm wide band in the lateral vermis, receives a somatotopically arranged input. Successively more rostral segments (tail, hindlimb, thorax, forelimb and trigeminal nerves) project to successively more medial microzones. The b zone receives an input through each of three spino-olivocerebellar paths (SOCPs) ascending in the ventral, dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi (VF, DF and DLF). In the b zone, the hindlimb input is bilateral through the VF-SOCP and ipsilateral through the DF- and DLF-SOCPs. The forelimb input is bilateral through the VF-SOCP, ipsilateral through the DLF-SOCP and lacking from the DF-SOCP. The trigeminal input is bilateral. Medial to the b zone in lobule V is the x zone, which receives an input from the ipsilateral forelimb through the DF- and DLF-SOCPs. The climbing fibres to the x zone are collaterals of the climbing fibres projecting to the c1 zone in the pars intermedia and paramedian lobule. The climbing fibre input from the cerebral sensorimotor cortex to the lateral vermis matches the spinal input. The lateral and medial parts of the b zone receive a bilateral input from hind- and forelimb cortical areas, respectively. The x zone receives an input from the contralateral forelimb area. The functional significance of the converging paths is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238750
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy on long-term treatment with captopril of severe hypertensives refractory to standard triple treatment (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 291-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: captopril ; echocardiography ; regression ; left ventricular hypertrophy ; severe hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten patients (mean age 53 years; range 37–65 years) with hypertension refractory to standard triple treatment were selected for measurement of blood pressure and echocardiographic evaluation of the left ventricular dimensions before and after 3, 6 and 12 months of captopril therapy. In each patient the dose of captopril was titrated to a maximum of 150 mg t.d.s. (range 25 to 150 mg t.d.s.) with a therapeutic goal of ≤90 mmHg diastolic blood pressure. Most patients had added diuretic therapy. Four patients were unable to complete the study, two because of insufficient response to captopril therapy, and two because of side-effects (skin rash and cough). A significant fall in blood pressure was seen after three months of treatment and a reduced blood pressure was still maintained after 12 months. Over the same period, the average number of drugs was reduced from 3.6 to 2.1 per patient. A gradual reduction of septal and posterior wall thickness were noted, from 12.8 and 11.5 mm to 10.0 and 8.5 mm, respectively, after 12 months. Calculated left ventricular muscle mass was insignificantly reduced from 281 to 243 g after 12 months. The present study suggests that in hypertension resistant to conventional multiple therapy, captopril can reduce the blood pressure, and, in the long run it can also induce reversal of left ventricular wall thickening without causing deterioration of left ventricular function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00679786
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