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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the cerebellar central nuclei in the cat I. Neurons and neuroglial cells (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 410-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Cellular ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The four deep cerebellar nuclei exhibit a similar pattern of organization. They consist of isodendritic neurons of different sizes. The dendritic fields of the neurons display the characteristics of “noyaux fermés”. The medium sized neurons contain small Nissl bodies anastomosed by threads of the same material giving rise to a tridimensional network; the large majority of the polyribosomes are free and suspended among the cisterns of the Nissl substance. Peculiar inclusions, resembling laminated inclusion bodies, are occasionally present in the perikarya. The origin of such inclusions from the endoplasmic reticulum has been proved, since intermediary steps in the transformation of endoplasmic reticular cisterns into laminated bodies have been disclosed. Rarely, annulate lamellae occur in the perinuclear region. The smaller neurons contain a large nucleus, almost 2/3 of the somatal volume, and in their cytoplasm Nissl bodies are practically absent. The Golgi impregnation and the electron microscopic observations have revealed the existence of large dendritic varicosities, giving rise to long slender filopodia localized in distal segments of some dendrites. The varicosities are filled with mitochondria and some glycogen particles. These features are characteristics of growing tips of dendrites (Sotelo and Palay, 1968). The immediate environment of medium sized neurons consists of axon terminals and astrocytic processes, in a near similar proportion. On the other hand, smaller neurons are in intimate contact with satellite oligodendrocytes, astrocytic processes, myelinated fibers and very few axon terminals. Close appositions, resembling “gap” junctions have been disclosed between perikarya of interfascicular oligodendrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233432
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The distribution and origin of the ipsilateral descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum. An autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 56 (1984), S. 167-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral ; Interposed nuclei ; Ipsilateral descending B.C. ; Lateral parvocellular reticular formation ; Trigeminal complex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution, organization and origin of the ipsilateral descending limb of the Brachium Conjunctivum (B.C.), have been studied in the rat by using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. After injections of tritiated leucine/proline into the lateral cerebellar nucleus, covering both its medial part, corresponding to the dorsolateral hump (DLH) of Goodman et al. (1963) and its lateral part, (designated here as the lateral dentate, LD), and the neighboring interposed nucleus (NI), emerging fibres are numerous and leave laterally from the B.C. On the contrary, injections restricted to LD reveal very few such fibers. Within the lateral parvocellular reticular formation (LPRF) terminal labelling is heavy, and moderate to sparse within the adjacent trigeminal complex. Rostro-caudally, silver grain accumulation within the LPRF extends from the level of the motor trigeminal nucleus (VM) to the pyramidal decussation, exhibiting a cephalocaudal decrease of grain density. Within the trigeminal complex, labelling occurs in the caudal VM, the dorsal portion of the principal sensory nucleus, and within and around the trigeminal spinalis oralis. In addition, the area surrounding the VM (in part corresponding to the supratrigeminal region of Lorente de Nó 1922, 1933) is moderately labelled. After injections of HRP into various levels of the ipsilateral descending B.C.'s projection field, retrogradely labelled cells are numerous within the DLH. A slightly lesser amount of labelled cells are found in the lateral half of the NI, primarily concerning the nucleus interpositus posterior. Within the LD, only a few labelled cells are observed: these are mainly restricted to the dorsal portion at rostral levels of the nucleus. The results obtained by both the anterograde and retrograde studies suggest an absence of a topographic organization within this descending B.C. component. The possible functional meaning of these results is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237454
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cerebellar projection onto the pontine nuclei an experimental anatomical study in the cat (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 115-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pontine nuclei ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Experimental anatomy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibres passing from the intracerebellar nuclei to the pontine nuclei proper have been noted only by few students. In the present study this projection is analysed by mapping with the Nauta (1957) and Fink and Heimer (1967) methods the degeneration which occurs in the pontine nuclei following stereotactically placed electrolytic lesions in different parts of the intracerebellar nuclei in the cat. Cerebellopontine fibres come from the lateral cerebellar nucleus (NL) except its ventralmost part, and from the rostral but probably not from the caudal part of the interpositus anterior (NIA) and the interpositus posterior. The fibres end in three fairly well circumscribed regions of the pontine nuclei: a longitudinal column in the paramedian pontine nucleus, a column in the dorsolateral nucleus and one in the dorsal peduncular nucleus. Fibres from the NL as well as the NIA appear to end in all three regions, but the possibility of a more specific distribution cannot be excluded. Parts of the projection areas in the pons appear to be specific to cerebellar afferents, while other parts overlap with terminations of cerebropontine fibres, especially from SmI and SmII. The findings support the conclusions arrived at in recent studies of the cerebral corticopontine projections by P. Brodal (1968a, 1968b, 1971a, 1971 b) that the pontine nuclei are very precisely organized. The general principles in the organization of the corticopontine and cerebellopontine projections appear to be similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233993
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pattern in the projection of the intracerebellar nuclei onto the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in the cat. An experimental anatomical study (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 140-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Experimental anatomy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intensity and distribution of degeneration in the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (N.r.t.) were mapped in silver impregnated sections following stereotactic lesions of the intracerebellar nuclei. Confirming previous results (Brodal and Szikla, 1972) fibres from the interpositus-lateralis-complex, reaching the N.r.t. by way of the crossed descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum, supply the main central part of the N.r.t. from rostral to caudal. The interpositus posterior does not appear to take part in this projection, nor do the ventralmost parts of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (NL). The caudal part of the latter appears to give off more fibres than its rostral part. Rostral and caudal parts of the interpositus anterior (NIA) appear to contribute approximately equally. Fibres from both nuclei terminate in a largely overlapping fashion in the central main regions of the N.r.t. On the whole the NIA projection is situated a little more medially than the NL projection (Fig. 8). Within both projections caudal parts of the nuclei tend to project somewhat more medially than lateral parts, especially caudally. Certain findings suggest that there may be more detailed topical relations. The organization in the cerebellar-nuclear projection onto the N.r.t. corresponds in principle to the pattern found for its other afferent contingents (especially from the cerebral cortex, Brodal and Brodal, 1971). In spite of wide overlapping there is some degree of topical order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233994
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the cerebellar central nuclei in the cat II. Synaptic organization (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 431-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Synaptic ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic organization of the cerebellar deep nuclei in the cat has been analysed with the Golgi technique and the electron microscope. The Golgi picture is qualitatively very similar in the four nuclei. Both thick and thin fibers, with the latter being more numerous, contribute to the formation of pericellular nests around large neurons, where a large amount of boutons “en passant” can be observed. The electron microscopic study corroborates these observations since the cell surface of large neurons is mostly covered by axon terminals, while smaller neurons receive very few axo-somatic synapses. According to their size and shape three types of axon terminals have been encountered synapsing on large neurons: medium-sized, large slender and climbing-like boutons. The two last types only represent less than 13% of the total amount of axon terminals, and they are considered as synaptic boutons arising from different sources. The medium-sized boutons must represent a mixed population. A majority of these boutons contain rounded vesicles, while some, in a variable proportion from one animal to another, contain flattened or pleomorphic vesicles. The morphological features of “active” zones present in medium-sized boutons are not related to the shape of the vesicular population. This lack of association between vesicular shape and a specific pattern of “active” zones has been discussed. In the neuropil, large and smaller dendritic profiles have their surface mostly covered by axon terminals. These boutons are morphologically of the same three types described in axo-somatic position. Synapses on axon hillocks and on the initial segments of axons of large neurons are frequently observed, the presynaptic element being always a medium-sized bouton. However, axo-axonic serial synapses are only a very rare observation. In all the normal cats used in this study, axons and axon terminals containing atypical organelles, mostly originated from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, have been observed. They probably represent aspects of a degenerative process of axon terminals reflecting a continuous remodeling of synaptic connections, as has been suggested by Sotelo and Palay (1971).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233433
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ascending projections from the red nucleus in the decerebellate cat (1968)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 24 (1968), S. 262-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé Un an après ablation totale du cervelet, des lésions stéréotaxiques ont été pratiquées au niveau du noyau rouge. A la suite des coagulations de la seule partie rostrale (parvocellulaire) du N.R., on trouve de la dégénérescence préterminale au niveau des noyaux ventralis lateralis, ventralis anterior, et centrum medianum du thalamus, et de la zona incerta du subthalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02152808
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional organization of the direct and indirect projection via the reticularis thalami nuclear complex from the motor cortex to the thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 79 (1990), S. 325-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motor cortex ; Reticular thalamic nuclear complex ; Ventrolateral thalamic nucleus ; Intracortical microstimulation ; WGA-HRP-Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The projection systems which arise from the motor cortex to reach the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) were investigated in the rat. They included a direct as well as an indirect projection via the reticularis thalami nuclear complex (RT). The investigation was performed in two steps: i) the former concerned the projection to the VL as well as to the RT from individual cortical foci electrophysiologically identified by the motor effects evoked by electrical stimulation; the second step concerned the projection from the RT to functionally defined regions of the VL. The direct projection from the motor cortex to the VL is somatotopically arranged. The projection reciprocates the fiber system directed from the VL to the motor cortex. Thus cortical zones controlling the motor activity of the proximal segments of the limbs project onto the regions of the VL that project back to these same cortical areas. With regard to cortical zones controlling the motor activity of the distal segments of the limbs, they not only project to the region of the VL specifically related to them, but also to the region of the VL associated with the cortical areas responsible for movements of the proximal parts of the same limb. In that case fiber terminals were more dense in the VL region controlling the proximal segment than in the region controlling the distal segment of the same limb. This organization suggests that proximal adjustments may be automatically provided by the motor activity of the distal segments of the same limb. The motor cortex projects to the rostral region of the RT with a precise topographical organization. In particular, the projection shows a dorsoventral organization in the RT in relation to the caudorostral body representation in the motor cortex. The projection which arises from the rostral region of the RT also reaches the VL with a topographical arrangement. It discloses a rostrocaudal organization in the VL in relation to a dorsoventral displacement in the RT. Comparing the projection from the motor cortex to the RT and that from this nuclear complex to the VL it was shown that the regions of the VL and their receptive cortical areas were associated with the same regions of the RT. It was therefore concluded that the motor cortical projection to the VL relayed by the RT is somatotopically organized. In both direct and relayed pathways the projections from “hind-” and “forelimb” motor area are segregated, whereas the “head” projection overlaps, at least partially, the “forelimb” terminal field. The cortico-VL and the cortico-RT-VL pathways differ by the higher complexity of the former system. Projections from the cortical zones of proximal and distal segments of the limbs largely overlap in RT whereas direct cortico-VL connections disclose a precise complex arrangement. Finally, the possible influence of the two pathways upon thalamic motor relay cells is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00608242
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