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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research Priorities for Conservation of Metallophyte Biodiversity and their Potential for Restoration and Site Remediation (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plants that have evolved to survive on metal-rich soils—metallophytes—have key values that must drive research of their unique properties and ultimately their conservation. The ability of metallophytes to tolerate extreme metal concentrations commends them for revegetation of mines and metal-contaminated sites. Metallophytes can also be exploited in environmental technologies, for example, phytostabilization, phytoremediation, and phytomining. Actions towards conserving metallophyte species are imperative, as metallophytes are increasingly under threat of extinction from mining activity. Although many hundreds of papers describe both the biology and applications of metallophytes, few have investigated the urgent need to conserve these unique species. This paper identifies the current state of metallophyte research, and advocates future research needs for the conservation of metallophyte biodiversity and the sustainable uses of metallophyte species in restoration, rehabilitation, contaminated site remediation, and other nascent phytotechnologies. Six fundamental questions are addressed: (1) Is enough known about the global status of metallophytes to ensure their conservation? (2) Are metallophytes threatened by the activities of the minerals industry, and can their potential for the restoration or rehabilitation of mined and disturbed land be realized? (3) What problems exist in gaining prior informed consent to access metallophyte genetic resources and how can the benefits arising from their uses be equitably shared? (4) What potential do metallophytes offer as a resource base for phytotechnologies? (5) Can genetic modification be used to “design” metallophytes to use in the remediation of contaminated land? (6) Does the prospect of using metallophytes in site remediation and restoration raise ethical issues?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00367.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Revegetation of Pb/Zn Mine Tailings, Guangdong Province, China (2000)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 8 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Lechang lead/zinc mine is located in the north part of Guangdong Province, southern China. The tailings residue from the extraction of lead/zinc ores was permanently stored in tailings ponds, which required revegetation to reduce the environmental impact. A field study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effects of different ameliorants, including: (1) pig manure (PM); (2) mushroom compost (MC); (3) burnt coal residue (BC); (4) fly ash (FA); and (5) surface soil on the growth of Agropyron elongatum (tall wheat grass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), and Trifolium repens (clover) in the tailings residue. The results from the core profiles indicated that adding FA (10 cm) or BC (15 cm) as a barrier layer between the cover soil and the tailings could increase pH, compared to the treatment with soil only. C. dactylon grew well and had a high cover (90–100%) in all the treatment plots except the control plots without any amendment. A. elongatum and L. multiflorum had a higher cover when grown in plots covered with a barrier layer using FA or BC (both with surface soil), than those grown in plots covered with surface soil only. Treatment plots receiving a thicker soil cover (30 cm) had a better dry weight yield than those with a thinner soil cover (15 cm), regardless of the barrier layer. The results from this study indicate that the use of either 15 cm BC or 10 cm FA as a barrier layer with surface soil, or the use of 38 tonnes PM/ha and 6 cm MC, were effective for the revegetation of Pb/Zn mine tailings. C. dactylon was the best species among the four species used for revegetation.Key words: reclamation, Pb/Zn mine tailings, burnt coal, mushroom compost, fly ash, Bermuda grass, Italian ryegrass, clover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80012.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nickel and zinc hyperaccumulation by Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens (Brassicaceae) do not enhance survival and whole-plant growth under drought stress (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nickel and Zn hyperaccumulation by Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens bear substantial energetic costs and should confer benefits to the plant. This research determined whether metal hyperaccumulation can increase osmotic adjustment and resistance to water stress (drought). Alyssum murale and Thlaspi caerulescens treated with low or high concentrations of Ni or Zn were exposed to moderate (−0·4 MPa) and severe (−1·0 MPa) water stresses using aqueous polyethylene glycol. In the absence of metals both water deficits inhibited shoot growth. Nickel and Zn hyperaccumulation did not ameliorate growth inhibition by either level of water stress. The water stress did not induce major changes in shoot metal concentrations of these constitutive hyperaccumulators. Moreover, metal hyperaccumulation had minimal effects on the osmolality of leaf-sap extracts, relative water content of the shoots, or rate of evapotranspiration. It is concluded that Ni or Zn hyperaccumulation does not augment whole-plant capacity for drought resistance in A. murale and T. caerulescens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00959.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settlement and growth of copper-tolerantEctocarpus siliculosus (Dillw.) Lyngbye on different copper-based antifouling surfaces under laboratory conditions (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 20 (1985), S. 1111-1118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The first paper of this series reports the development of an algal culture system suitable for monitoring marine antifouling characteristics of copper-based alloy materials under standardized laboratory conditions, using the marine-fouling algaEctocarpus siliculosus. The physical and chemical conditions necessary for both the formation of corrosion films typical of those formed at sea and vigorous growth of the alga in the incubating medium were investigated using copper-nickel 90/10 as a test material. Preincubation of sample plates in seawater for up to 140 days proved necessary in order to generate passive corrosion films which continued to release copper at sufficiently low rates to permit algal growth, spore production and settlement. Seawater sterilization and addition of supplementary algal nutrients did not significantly affect the equilibrium rates of copper loss or the composition of the corrosion films. Aeration of the medium accelerated the attainment of this equilibrium but the addition of Fe2+ ions had no effect. Surface preparation and orientation of sample plates had little effect on rates of copper loss. Corrosion rates recorded in these trials compare favourably with those reported for similar materials exposed at sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585756
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on copper and cobalt tolerance in three closely related taxa within the genusSilene L. (Caryophyllaceae) from Zaïre (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 73 (1983), S. 377-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Silene burchelli ; Silene cobalticola ; Cobalt tolerance ; Cobalt uptake ; Copper tolerance ; Copper uptake ; Ecotype ; Exclusion mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments were carried out on the tolerance to and uptake of copper and cobalt by three members of a phylogenetic series of taxa within the genusSilene from Zaïre which were reputed to represent a progression of increasing adaptation to metalliferous soils. Plants studied were the widespread and presumably non-tolerantSilene burchelli var.angustifolia (B), a more tolerant variant of this taxon (E) designated an ecotype, and the metallophyteS. cobalticola (C). Studies on the effects of both metals, singly and in combination, on seed germination, seedling and plant performance and yield, and metal uptake from soil cultures, confirmed in general the sequence B〈E〈C in relation to tolerance of both copper and cobalt. The experimental evidence also supports the ecotypic status of E and points to E and C being relatively more tolerant to copper than to cobalt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184314
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Floristic variation in plant communities on metalliferous mining residues in the northern and southern Pennines, England (1988)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 10 (1988), S. 11-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted on metalliferous mine wastes in the northern and southern Pennines of England. Analyses of vegetation composition in relation to soil chemical variation were performed. Ordination analysis facilitated the detection of groups of co-occurring species which are characteristic of types of metal-contaminated soil. The results of regression analysis implied the importance of soil pH and concentration of available lead or zinc, depending upon region, in determining species distributions. A strong interactive effect was evident between soil phosphorus and zinc content in influencing species distributions in the southern Pennines sample. Regional similarities in the vegetation of apparently similar metalliferous soils existed. The unusually high species richness of some soils was associated with relatively low concentrations of heavy metals. Many species of relatively floristically-rich wastes were also colonists of surrounding grasslands or woodland. This indicated the potential importance of propagule availability and capability for rapid establishment on bare or unstable ground. Mechanisms of physiological stress avoidance, rather than heavy-metai tolerance, may explain the occurrence of non-metallophytes on soils contaminated with lead and zinc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01675624
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc on the distribution and evolution of metallophytes in the British Isles (1990)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 91-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Vascular plants ; Metallophytes ; tolerance to cadmium ; copper ; lead and zinc ; evolutionary processes ; selection ; constitutional tolerance ; induction ; phenotypic responses ; Flora of the British Isles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mine spoils and other soils contaminated with cadmium, copper, lead and zinc show natural colonization by species which have strategies of avoidance or tolerance of metal toxicities. The distribution of plants on such substrata in the British Isles is examined in the light of present knowledge of such strategies. Evolutionary processes mediating the selection of tolerant individuals and ecotypic differentiation of adapted populations on metalliferous soils are considered. Other factors determining which species can and which cannot evolve tolerance include constitutional differences in species sensitivity to toxic metals, and phenotypic (environmentally-induced) tolerances. The importance of constitutional properties and phenotypic responses in providing explanations for plant distribution on metalliferous soils is assessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937765
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the chemical changes in the rhizosphere of the nickel hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale with the non-accumulator Raphanus sativus (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: heavy metals ; hyperaccumulator plant ; pH ; redox potential ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in pH and redox potential were studied in the rhizosphere soil of a nickel hyperaccumulator plant (Alyssum murale) and of a crop plant, radish (Raphanus sativus). Differences in rhizosphere pH and reducing activity were found between the lateral and the main roots of both species, but the pH changes in the rhizosphere were similar in both species. Changes in pH were associated with the relative uptakes of cations and anions; whether the concentrations of heavy metals in the growth medium did not have any effect on the rhizosphere pH. The source of nitrogen (ammonium or nitrate) was the major factor determining the pH of the rhizosphere of both species. The redox potential of the rhizosphere was influenced by both the N-source and the concentrations of heavy metals. When heavy metals were not present in the growth medium, and nitrate was the N-source, the reducing capacity of A. murale roots was enhanced. However, the reducing activity of A. murale was always smaller than that of radish. Therefore, the mechanism of metal solubilization by the hyperaccumulator plant does not involve either the reduction of pH in the rhizosphere or the release of reductants from roots. The acidification and reducing activity of the roots of A. murale was always smaller than that of R. sativus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010077
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Settlement and growth of copper-tolerantEctocarpus siliculosus (Dillw.) Lyngbye on different copper-based antifouling surfaces under laboratory conditions (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 21 (1986), S. 1240-1252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The second paper of this series reports the results of comparative studies on the marine antifouling properties of a range of six copper and copper-alloy materials, using settlement and growth of a copper-tolerant strain of the marine-fouling algaEctocarpus siliculosus as criteria. Samples of ordinary copper, arsenical copper, copper-nickel 90/10, copper-nickel 70/30, aluminium brass and aluminum bronze were preincubated in sterilized seawater medium under laboratory conditions and then used to follow the early stages of spore settlement and subsequent development of colonies of the alga in the culture system by both light and scanning electron microscopy. The results of this bio-assay are compared with other published information relating to the long-term antifouling properties of these materials in trials at sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553258
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