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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 111 (1989), S. 8006-8007 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akute respiratorische Insuffizienz ; Ventilations-Perfusions-Verhältnisse ; Intrapulmonaler Shunt ; Multiple Inert Gas Eliminations-Technik ; Key words Acute respiratory failure ; Ventilation-perfusion relationship ; Intrapulmonary shunt ; Multiple inert gas elimination technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Acute respiratory failure is characterised by mismatch of ventilation with perfusion (V˙A/Q˙). The multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET) is a complex method which allows the description of a virtually continuous distribution of V˙A/Q˙ ratios. We investigated V˙A/Q˙ relationships in patients admitted to the intensive care unit due to acute respiratory failure and thus requiring for mechanical ventilation. Method. Eight patients (mean APACHE II=22±4) who suffered from acute pneumonia (n=4), traumatic lung contusion (2), toxic lung failure (1) or massive bilateral atelectasis (1) were investigated by MIGET within 3 days after the begin of mechanical ventilation. A mixture of six inert gases, dissolved in isotonic saline, was infused continuously. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples and expired gas samples were obtained and analysed by gas chromatography. Blood-gas partition coefficients were determined, and the ratios of retention and excretion were calculated. The data were transformed in a 50-compartment model of blood flow and ventilation against V˙A/Q˙ ratio. We assessed the amount of intrapulmonary shunt (V˙A/Q˙=0), low V˙A/Q˙ regions (V˙A/Q˙=0.005–0.1), normal V˙A/Q˙ regions (V˙A/Q˙=0.11–10), high V˙A/Q˙ regions (V˙A/Q˙=11–100) and dead space ventilation (V˙A/Q˙〉100). Furthermore, we calculated the logarithmic standard deviation of pulmonary perfusion distribution (logSDQ˙). Results. In all patients we found moderate to severe intrapulmonary shunt and V˙A/Q˙ mismatching. The data are expressed as median values and ranges. Inert-gas-measured shunt was 21% (3–45.5%), whereas low V˙A/Q˙ regions were little affected. Normal V˙A/Q˙ regions ranged from 41.5% to 96.0% (median 76.8%). The amount of alveolar dead space ventilation was 28% (19.7–41.8%). Median logSDQ˙ (normal range 0.3–0.6) was calculated to be 0.855 (0.540–1.490). In patients presenting with moderate lung injury (Murray score 〈3), a moderate increase in shunt and a moderate V˙A/Q˙ mismatch were observed. In contrast, patients with severe lung failure and critically decreased oxygenation (Murray score 〉3) were characterised by massive shunting and V˙A/Q˙ mismatching. Additionally, low V˙A/Q˙ and high V˙A/Q˙ compartments and an increase in dead space ventilation was found in these patients. Conclusions. The impairment of oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory failure is due to several pathophysiological mechanisms: increase in intrapulmonary shunt, V˙A/Q˙-mismatching and dead space ventilation, according to the severity of lung failure. We conclude from our results that the prevention and/or reduction of non-ventilated lung areas (atelectasis) is an outstanding therapeutic strategy in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure. From this point of view, several techniques of systemic changes in body position should be integrated as supportive therapeutic strategies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die akute respiratorische Insuffizienz ist gekennzeichnet durch ein Mißverhältnis zwischen Ventilation und Perfusion (V˙ A /Q˙). Die „Multiple Inert-Gas-Eliminations-Technik“ (MIGET) ermöglicht die exakte Erfassung des gesamten Spektrums der V˙ A /Q˙-Verhältnisse unter Anwendung eines 50-Kompartimentmodells. Wir untersuchten die V˙ A /Q˙-Verhältnisse von 8 konsekutiven Patienten, die wegen akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz auf die Intensivstation aufgenommen und beatmet wurden. Patienten mit moderater respiratorischer Insuffizienz (Murray-Score 〈3) wiesen eine Erhöhung der Shunt-Fraktion sowie eine mäßiggradige V˙ A /Q˙-Verteilungsstörung auf. Beim schweren akuten Lungenversagen (Murray-Score 〉3) fanden wir neben einer ausgeprägten intrapulmonalen Shunt-Fraktion erhebliche V˙ A /Q˙-Verteilungsstörungen, die sich in einer Streuung der Lungenperfusion sowie im Vorhandensein von „low-V˙ A /Q˙“- und „high-V˙ A /Q˙“-Bereichen manifestierten. Für alle Patienten betrug der Median-Wert der intrapulmonalen Shunt-Fraktion (V˙ A /Q˙=0) 21% (Spannweite 3%–45,5%). Der Bereich der Totraumventilation (V˙ A /Q˙〉100) betrug 28% (19,7%–41,8%). Die Standardabweichung der logarithmischen Verteilung des pulmonalen Blutflusses (logSDQ˙) wurde mit 0,855 (0,540–1,490) errechnet. Die Einschränkung der arteriellen Oxygenierung ist bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz demzufolge durch mehrere pathophysiologische Faktoren bedingt: neben einer Erhöhung der intrapulmonalen Shunt-Fraktion finden sich – je nach Schweregrad – eine generelle V˙ A /Q˙-Verteilungsstörung sowie eine erhöhte Totraumventilation. Als therapeutische Konsequenz aus dieser Studie, sowie den Daten anderer Untersuchungen, ist der Verhinderung bzw. Auflösung atelektatischer Lungenareale, die zu Shunt und venöser Beimischung beitragen, eine zentrale Bedeutung zuzumessen. Neben der Anwendung spezieller Beatmungsmuster ist hierfür der Einsatz adjuvanter Lagerungstherapien besonders geeignet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 47 (1998), S. 74-80 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Lateral posture ; Hemodynamic effects ; Kinetic therapy ; Respiratory failure ; Right ventricular function ; Atrial natriuretic peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To quantify the hemodynamic effects of turning critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients to the extreme left and right lateral postures. Design: Prospective investigation. Setting: Eight-bed intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients: Twelve consecutive patients presenting with severe respiratory failure and requiring continuous positive inotropic support. Interventions: All patients were mechanically ventilated and placed in a kinetic treatment system. They were positioned in the supine, left dependent, and right dependent postures, resting for 15 min in each position. Measurements and results: Hemodynamic measurements, assessments of right ventricular function, and determinations of intrathoracic blood volume were performed in three different positions. Concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma were quantified. In three patients, the findings were controlled by transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiac index [median (range) 5.5 (3.2–8.1) vs 4.3 (3.2–7.5) l/min per m2, p〈0.01], intrathoracic blood volume [1125 (820–1394) vs 1037 (821–1267) ml/m2, p〈0.01], and right ventricular end-diastolic volume [130 (83–159) vs 114 (79–155) ml/m2, p〈0.05] increased significantly in the left dependent position compared to supine. Mean arterial pressure did not change. Atrial natriuretic peptide levels rose from 140 to 203 pg/ml. In the right dependent position, we found a marked decrease in the mean arterial pressure [85 mmHg (supine) to 72 mmHg (right dependent), p〈0.01]. Cardiac index and intrathoracic blood volume were unchanged, but right ventricular end-diastolic volume decreased from 114 to 102 ml/m2 (p〈0.05) Additionally, atrial natriuretic peptide levels decreased significantly (median Δ value: 37 pg/ml). In echocardiographic controls we found an increase in right ventricular end-diastolic diameters in the left dependent position and shortened diameters in the right dependent position. Conclusions: Extreme lateral posture affects the cardiovascular system in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients: in the left dependent position a ”hyperdynamic state“ is reinforced, while the right decubitus position impairs right ventricular preload and predisposes to hypotension. Echocardiography and changes in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide values indicate that these findings are due to altered distensibility of the right ventricle caused by regional intrathoracic gravitational changes. We conclude that the duration and the angle of lateral posture should be restricted in hemodynamically unstable patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Acute lung injury ; Kinetic therapy ; Ventilation-perfusion relationships ; Intrapulmonary shunt ; Multiple inert gas elimination technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To investigate ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) relationships, during continuous axial rotation and in the supine position, in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Design: Prospective investigation. Setting: Eighteen-bed intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patients and interventions: Ten patients with ALI (PaO2/FIO2 ratio 〈 300 mm Hg) were mechanically ventilated in a pressure controlled mode and placed on a kinetic treatment table. Measurements and results: Distributions of VA/Q were determined 1) during rotation (after a period of 20 min) and 2) after a resting period of 20 min in the supine position. During axial rotation, intrapulmonary shunt (19.1 ± 15 % of cardiac output) was significantly reduced in comparison with when in the supine position (23 ± 14 %, p 〈 0.05), areas with “low” VA/Q were not affected by the positioning maneuver. General VA/Q mismatch (logarithmic distribution of pulmonary blood flow) was decreased during rotation (0.87 ± 0.37) in comparison with when the patient was in the supine position (0.93 ± 0.37, p 〈 0.05). Arterial oxygenation was significantly improved during continuous rotation (PaO2/FIO2 = 217 ± 137 mm Hg) as compared with in the supine position (PaO2/FIO2 = 174 ± 82 mm Hg, p 〈 0.05). The positive response of the continuous rotation on arterial oxygenation was only demonstrated in patients with a Murray Score of 2.5 or less, indicating a “mild to moderate” lung injury, while in patients presenting with progressive ARDS (Murray Score 〉 2.5), the acute positive response was limited. Conclusions: Continuous axial rotation might be a method for an acute reduction of VA/Q mismatch in patients with mild to moderate ALI, but this technique is not effective in late or progressive ARDS. Further studies including a large data collection are needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 90 (1986), S. 4851-4856 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We investigated a total of 36 subjects with a mean (SD) age of 65 (13) years, during baseline conditions (supine, before any anaesthesia), and then during one of the following protocols: (1) lithotomy positioning (n = 12), (2) epidural anaesthesia (n = 12), (3) general anaesthesia in the supine position (n = 12). Lung aeration, ventilation/perfusion matching, gas exchange and functional residual capacity were measured. Lung aeration was normal during baseline assessment with almost no regions with poor aeration and no substantial dependent densities. Shunt and perfusion of poorly ventilated regions were minor. Lithotomy positioning did not reduce functional residual capacity and did not affect aeration of the lung or ventilation/perfusion matching. Epidural anaesthesia, in general, had no effect on aeration, ventilation/perfusion matching or gas exchange, regardless of whether the patient was in the supine or lithotomy position. General anaesthesia, however, caused significant increases in poorly aerated lung regions and in dependent densities (interpreted as atelectasis). In conclusion, no or little impairment of lung aeration and ventilation/perfusion matching was caused by the lithotomy position and/or epidural anaesthesia, contrary to the effects seen during general anaesthesia. However, our findings also suggest that being overweight is a factor that may cause impairment of lung aeration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Surface Science Letters 156 (1985), S. A300 
    ISSN: 0167-2584
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Communications 77 (1991), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 0038-1098
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Surface Science 156 (1985), S. 57-63 
    ISSN: 0039-6028
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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