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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 67 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two novel β-lactamases conferring multiresistance to antibiotics including oxyimino β-lactams have been identified in two nosocomial K. pneumoniae strains isolated in Tunis in 1986 and 1988. Both enzymes were encoded by ca. 150-kilobase plasmids. Donor and transconjugant strains producing these enzymes exhibited highly similar pattern of resistance (CTX phenotype) to β-lactams including penicillins and oxyimino β-lactams e.g. cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and aztreonam. High and variable synergy (16 to 1066-fold) was obtained when combined to 0.1 μg/ml of clavulance (β-lactamase inhibitor). The isoelectric points of these two enzymes were 5.4 and 6.4. These β-lactamases differed from TEM types by hydrolysis for cefotaxime or ceftriaxone but were inhibited by clavulanate and cloxacillin. DNA hybridization studies suggested that the genes of these enzymes may be derived from genes encoding TEM-type enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 17 (1989), S. 347-354 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung β-Laktamasen spielen in der bakteriellen Resistenz eine entscheidende Rolle; dies bestätigte sich erneut mit dem Auftreten von Breitspektrum-β-Laktamasen. Nach Erstentdeckung in der Bundesrepublik wurde SHV-2 in vier Kontinenten nachgewiesen; in mindestens 26 französischen Krankenhäusern trat CTX-1 (TEM-3) auf. Mehr als 12 weitere Enzyme wurden identifiziert. Die Bedeutung dieser neuesten Resistenz-Form wurde wahrscheinlich unterschätzt, da die meisten Stämme von Enterobakterien (vor allemKlebsiella pneumoniae nach Ergebnissen der MHK-Bestimmungen oder Hemmhofdurchmesser gegen Oxyimino-β-Laktame empfindlich zu sein schienen. Zwei Empfindlichkeitsmuster (CTX, CAZ) lassen sich mit dem Doppel-Blättchen-Synergismus-Test von Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure und Oxyimino-β-Laktamen ohne Schwierigkeiten nachweisen. In den Krankenhäusern haben sich Breitspektrum-β-Laktamasen ausgebreitet, die bei nosokomialen Enterobakterien-Stämmen (aus Urin-, Blut-, Wund- und Sputumkulturen), vorwiegend aus Intensivstationen, zu finden sind. Bei Ausbrüchen vonKlebsiella pneumoniae-Infektionen fanden sich zahlreiche Serotypen. Untersuchungen zur Verteilung der Breitspektrum-β-Laktamasen in Frankreich zeigten, daß CTX-1 (TEM-3) unter zehn Spezies verbreitet ist, während sich die Enzyme vom Typ SHV (SHV-2, SHV-3, SHV-4) vorwiegend inKlebsiella pneumoniae nachweisen lassen. BeiEscherichia coli bildeten die meisten Stämme Enzyme vom Typ CAZ. Manche Isolate bildeten zwei Breitspektrum-β-Laktamasen. Breitspektrum-β-Laktamasebildung durchKlebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella undEscherichia coli wurde in Tunesien vor allem in Isolaten aus der Pädiatrie nachgewiesen; am häufigsten fand sich SHV-2, kürzlich wurden aber auch CTX-1 und zwei andere Typen mit isoelektrischem Punkt von 6,35 und 5,4 (Phänotyp CTX) identifiziert. Da diese Enzyme durch Plasmide kodiert sind, breitete sich dieser Resistenzmechanismus in Frankreich für CTX-1 zusammen mit anderen Resistenzmarkern aus (z. B. Resistenz gegen Netilmicin, Amikacin), was für SHV-2 nicht der Fall war. Bei Enterobakterien-Isolaten aus Tunis, vor allem den erstenSalmonella wien-Isolaten, war die Übertragbarkeit von Breitspektrum-β-Laktamasen offensichtlich seltener. 1988 wurde übertragbare Resistenz gegen andere Antibiotika wie Aminoglykoside festgestellt. Es scheint sehr unwahrscheinlich, daß die Verwendung neuerer Antibiotika das Auftreten von Breitspektrum-β-Laktamasen begünstigt.
    Notes: Summary β-lactamases play a major part in resistance, as recently redemonstrated by the emergence of extended spectrum β-lactamases. Since its discovery in FR Germany, SHV-2 has been reported from four continents and CTX-1 (TEM-3) was established in at least 26 French hospitals. More than 12 other enzymes have been individualized. The newest aspect of resistance was probably underestimated because most strains of enterobacteria (mainlyKlebsiella pneumoniae) appeared susceptible to oxyimino-β-lactams as suggested by MICs or diameters of inhibition zone sizes. The double-disk synergy test between amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and oxyimino-β-lactams was useful to easily detect two susceptibility patterns (CTX, CAZ). Extended spectrum β-lactamases isolated among nosocomial isolates of enterobacteria (urines, blood, wound, sputum cultures) mostly from intensive care units have spread through hospitals. If outbreaks were described, numerous serotypes were identified inKlebsiella pneumoniae. In France the distribution of extended spectrum β-lactamases showed that CTX-1 (TEM-3) was well distributed among ten species unlike SHV-type enzymes (SHV-2, SHV-3, SHV-4) preferentially detected inKlebsiella pneumoniae. A majority of strains produced CAZ-type enzymes inEscherichia coli. Some isolates produced two extended spectrum β-lactamases. In Tunisia extended spectrum β-lactamase producing strains were mainly identified among pediatric isolates ofKlebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella andEscherichia coli; SHV-2 was predominant but recently CTX-1 and two other types with an isoelectric point of 6.35 and 5.4 (phenotype CTX) were individualized. Because plasmid-encoded, this mechanism was spreading in France among enterobacteria with other resistance markers (e.g. netilmicin, amikacin) for CTX-1 unlike SHV-2. The transferability of extended spectrum β-lactamases appeared to occur less frequently from isolates of enterobacteria issued from Tunis and particularly for the first isolates ofSalmonella wien. The transmissible resistance to other antibiotics such as aminoglycosides was demonstrated in 1988. It seems highly likely that the use of newer antibiotics favors the appearance of extended spectrum β-lactamases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a Tunisian hospital 27 babies, including 12 who were premature, in a single intensive care unit suffered acute gastroenteritis in the period from January to May 1988. The mean age at the onset of gastroenteritis was 8.4 days; nine babies died.Salmonella wien was isolated from stools (all babies) and blood (4 babies). It was also isolated from the stools of one nurse and from a mattress. Twelve of the babies had received cefotaxime, which was successfully replaced by oral colimycin. The outbreak was stopped by the implementation of infection control measures. All isolates ofSalmonella wien were of the same biotype, and had the same antibiotic resistance pattern (third generation cephalosporins, monobactams, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and sulphonamides) and plasmid DNA restriction pattern. The isolates were all susceptible to a combination of cefotaxime and clavulanic acid (a β-lactamase inhibitor), which displayed synergy, suggesting the presence of a β-lactamase (geometric mean MICs 11.24 µg/ml for cefotaxime alone and 0.24 µg/ml in combination with 0.1 µg/ml potassium clavulanate). All isolates produced TEM-1 and SHV-2 β-lactamase which was not transferable toEscherichia coli by conjugation. The presence of the SHV-2 enzyme inSalmonella wien may allow it to adapt to newer β-lactams which is a cause for concern in this hospital.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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