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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 24 (1985), S. 3030-3035 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 3 (1955), S. 420-424 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 104 (1982), S. 6304-6309 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 35 (1963), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 35 (1963), S. 139-141 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 diabetes ; Type 2 diabetes ; plasma C-peptide ; urinary C-peptide Pima Indian
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine whether individual subjects with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes or Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, who are treated with insulin, could be reliably distinguished, C-peptide concentrations and urinary C-peptide excretion were measured in 10 Caucasoids and 10 Pima Indians. All the subjects had developed diabetes before 21 years of age and were receiving insulin treatment. Fasting C-peptide concentrations were significantly higher in the Pima Indians (0.73±0.17 versus 0.02±0.01 nmol/l in Caucasoids; p〈0.001), but there were slight overlaps in individual values. Urinary C-peptide excretion, an index of 24-h-insulin excretion, was also higher in the Pima Indian group (27.6±1.85 versus 0.72±0.18 pmol/min in Caucasoids; p〈0.001) and there was no overlap in the individual values between the groups. The Pima Indians with early onset diabetes have been previously shown to have Type 2 diabetes, and the Caucasoids with an early onset are most likely to have Type 1 diabetes. These results suggest that distinction between these two major types of diabetes can be made effectively by using C-peptide measurements provided that overt renal disease is absent. This differentiation between insulin-treated patients will be useful for a variety of research applications and possibly in making clinical management decisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 16 (1979), S. 373-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Two-hour plasma glucose ; fasting plasma glucose ; bimodality ; oral glucose tolerance tests ; Pima Indians ; diagnosis ; diabetes ; sensitivity ; specificity ; misclassification ; retinopahy ; nephropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frequency distributions of both the fasting and two-hour post-load plasma glucose levels were bimodal in the Pima Indian population aged 25 years and over. The hyperglycaemic component of this distribution represents those with diabetes mellitus, as some 30 percent of this group had evidence of the specific vascular complications of the disease, whereas these abnormalities were virtually absent in those with lower glucose levels. The bimodal characteristics of the frequency distributions were utilized to define optimal criteria to separate those with and without diabetes. The sensitivity and specificity of these criteria for fasting and two-hour glucose levels were compared and were found to be similar. The fasting glucose determination, however, was more reproducible and stable, as well as being easier to obtain, indicating that it is the better measurement for diagnostic purposes. The optimal level for diagnosis of 7.5 mmol/l (136 mg/dl) for the fasting glucose and the equivalent two-hour value of 14 mmol/l (250 mg/dl), were higher than many previously recommended diagnostic levels. Nevertheless, there was no evidence that subjects with lower levels were at appreciable risk of developing the specific complications of diabetes. Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), but without fasting hyperglycaemia, shouldnot be diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 17 (1979), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: American Indians ; autoimmunity ; diabetes mellitus ; islet cell antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic islet cell antibodies and 12 other autoantibodies were measured at the time of diabetes diagnosis in 46 Pima Indians, aged 17–47 years, and in 46 age-sex matched non-diabetic controls. Islet cell antibodies were found in only two diabetics, aged 20 and 25, compared with none of 46 controls. Neither of the subjects with islet cell antibodies had other autoantibodies. At least one type of autoantibody was found in 14 (30%) of the diabetics and in 14 controls, but none was significantly associated] with diabetes. This study indicates that diabetes in the Pima Indians, even those with an onset below 25 years of age, is almost entirely of type II, in that the disease is not associated with islet cell antibodies, ketoacidosis, or insulin dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; retinopathy ; glomerulosclerosis ; microangiopathy ; plasma glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a multinational study, fasting plasma glucose values in 3583 diabetic patients, aged 34–56 years, were related to the characteristics of these subjects and to the presence and severity of microangiopathy as ascertained by standardised methods. The patients were from nine different populations and ranged in number from 193 to 686 per population (London, Warsaw, Berlin (FRG), New Delhi, Tokyo, Havana, Oklahoma Indians, Arizona Pima Indians, and a national sample in Switzerland). In the total group, mean fasting plasma glucose was 8.1 mmol/l for those on diet alone, 9.7 mmol/l for those on oral agents, and 12.7 mmol/l for insulin-treated patients, of whom 25% had values exceeding 16.5 mmol/l. Since many variables were measured in each patient, it was possible to take into account many confounding factors in evaluating the relationship of plasma glucose levels to retinopathy and nephropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 diabetes ; microvascular complications ; proteinuria ; albuminuria ; hypocaloric diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To determine whether sustained control of hyperglycaemia in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients would diminish proteinuria, the effect of hypocaloric diet therapy (500 kcal/day) on proteinuria was assessed in obese, Type 2 diabetic patients (n=24) and compared with results obtained for obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance (n=7) and impaired glucose tolerance (n=6). Diet therapy of similar mean duration resulted in similar percentage weight loss (mean percentage of original weight ±SEM) in diabetic (13.6±1.6%), glucose intolerant (16.4±3.3%) and obese nondiabetic (11.0±1.0%) subjects. Following therapy, plasma glucose concentrations 2h after an oral glucose load declined in the diabetic (18.34±0.81 to 10.67±0.50 mmol/1, mean ±SEM; p〈0.001) and in the glucose intolerant subjects (10.2±0.3 to 7.3±0.4 mmol/l, p〈0.01) while remaining unchanged in the obese non-diabetic subjects (7.09±0.23 to 6.77±0.32 mmol/l, NS). Concentrations of total protein of plasma origin and albumin in 24-h urine collections were quantified by a sensitive immunonephelometric assay using specific antisera. Initially, 24-h excretion of total protein and albumin were elevated in the diabetic [mg protein/24 h; (median±95% confidence limits): 63 (42–138), p〈0.05; albumin: 26 (14–56), p〈0.05] and glucose intolerant subjects [protein:52 (13–92), NS; albumin: 24 (3–61), NS] compared with the non-diabetic subjects [protein: 20 (5–38); albumin: 6.2 (3.5–9.5)]. Following diet therapy, both total protein and albumin excretion were reduced significantly in diabetic subjects (p〈0.001) and similar decreases were observed in clearance rates of protein and albumin. Initially, 11 out of the 24 diabetic subjects had 24-h albumin excretion in the subclinical range (〉30, 〈 500 mg/24h), whereas following diet therapy, only three out of the 11 had subclinical albuminuria. For all subjects, the decrease in albumin excretion following diet therapy was significantly correlated with the initial albumin excretion (r=0.63, p〈0.0001). In one diabetic subject, whose glucose tolerance and albumin excretion were sequentially monitored for 14 months, the decreases in glycaemia and proteinuria observed in the first month of therapy persisted after discontinuation of diet therapy. Thus, metabolic control of Type2 diabetes by a hypocaloric diet produced significant sustained reductions in proteinuria. The question remains whether or not this retards the development of clinical nephropathy or end stage renal disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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