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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of 8 years of strict glycaemic control on peripheral nerve function in IDDM patients: the Oslo Study (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words IDDM, nerve conduction velocity, neuropathy, intensified insulin treatment.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the effect of long-term strict glycaemic control on peripheral and autonomic nerve function in 45 IDDM patients (age 18–42 years, diabetes duration 7–23 years) without clinical signs of neuropathy or other neurological disease. They were randomly assigned to treatment either with continuous insulin infusion, multiple injections (4–6 times daily), or conventional treatment (twice daily) for 4 years and followed prospectively for 8 years. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were measured at the start and after 8 years. Autonomic nerve function tests were performed only once, after 8 years. A significant reduction of nerve conduction velocity was observed during 8 years in patients with mean HbA1 more than 10 % (n =12, group mean 10.9 %, range 10.1–13.2 %) compared to patients with HbA1 less than 10 % (n =33, group mean 9.0 %, range 7.5–9.9 %). Change of motor nerve conduction velocity in the peroneal nerve was: –4.8±4.9 (SD) vs –2.2±5.3 m/s (p〈0.01). Change of motor nerve conduction velocity in the posterior tibial nerve was: –6.8±5.7 vs –3.9±5.1 m/s (p〈0.05). No significant changes were observed in the ulnar nerve. Change of sensoric nerve conduction velocity in the sural nerve was: –8.9±8.0 vs –4.6±5.3 m/s (p〈0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that a change in HbA1 of 1 % resulted in a 1.3 m/s change in nerve conduction velocity during 8 years. A significantly lowered heart-rate variation during deep breathing (p〈0.05) and heart-rate response to standing (p〈0.01) was found in patients with HbA1 more than 10 % compared to patients with HbA1 less than 10 %. This study confirms that the long-term lowering of blood glucose retards the deterioration in nerve conduction velocity observed in the diabetic nerve. [Diabetologia (1994) 37: 579–584]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403376
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of 8 years of strict glycaemic control on peripheral nerve function in IDDM patients: the Oslo study (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: IDDM ; nerve conduction velocity ; neuropathy ; intensified insulin treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the effect of long-term strict glycaemic control on peripheral and autonomic nerve function in 45 IDDM patients (age 18–42 years, diabetes duration 7–23 years) without clinical signs of neuropathy or other neurological disease. They were randomly assigned to treatment either with continuous insulin infusion, multiple injections (4–6 times daily), or conventional treatment (twice daily) for 4 years and followed prospectively for 8 years. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were measured at the start and after 8 years. Autonomic nerve function tests were performed only once, after 8 years. A significant reduction of nerve conduction velocity was observed during 8 years in patients with mean HbA1 more than 10% (n=12, group mean 10.9%, range 10.1–13.2%) compared to patients with HbA1 less than 10% (n=33, group mean 9.0%, range 7.5–9.9%). Change of motor nerve conduction velocity in the peroneal nerve was: −4.8±4.9 (SD) vs −2.2±5.3 m/s (p〈0.01). Change of motor nerve conduction velocity in the posterior tibial nerve was: −6.8±5.7 vs −3.9±5.1 m/s (p〈0.05). No significant changes were observed in the ulnar nerve. Change of sensoric nerve conduction velocity in the sural nerve was: −8.9±8.0 vs −4.6±5.3 m/s (p〈0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that a change in HbA1 of 1% resulted in a 1.3 m/s change in nerve conduction velocity during 8 years. A significantly lowered heart-rate variation during deep breathing (p〈0.05) and heart-rate response to standing (p〈0.01) was found in patients with HbA1 more than 10% compared to patients with HbA1 less than 10%. This study confirms that the long-term lowering of blood glucose retards the deterioration in nerve conduction velocity observed in the diabetic nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403376
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Competer automatic campimeter I. Technical description and evaluation (1982)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 53 (1982), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Competer ; automatic perimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the perimetric concept and the technical construction of the Competer. The testprocedures of the Competer are well conceived. The screening-strategy may fail in cases of central islands or large central defects. The interpretation of the visual field results is not easy, due to the use of a numerical print-out which, in addition, is different for screening and threshold examinations. The mechanical and electrical construction of the instrument could be improved. In the accompanying paper (Graniewski et al., 1982) results are presented of a comparative clinical evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216790
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional quantification of diaphany (1990)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 75 (1990), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Diaphany ; translucency ; straylight ; glare ; light scatter ; X-linked megalocornea ; contrast sensitivity ; visual optics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intraocular straylight can be measured, in clinical as well as normal cases, by the direct compensation technique. Intraocular straylight is known to originate from the cornea, lens and fundus. We have studied a fourth source: the translucency of the iris and surrounding ocular wall. For lightly-pigmented normal eyes this source proved to be important. In the present paper results are reported from a patient with X-linked megalocornea. He had diaphany of the iris, as is common in these patients, and photophobic complaints. Quantitative measurements showed that the translucency was much increased so that the intraocular straylight was far above the normal level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164837
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The point-spread function of the eye from 0° to 100° and the pattern electroretinogram (1987)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 67 (1987), S. 347-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: luminance electroretinogram ; pattern electroretinogram ; point-spread function ; straylight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In studies on the pattern electroretinogram the quality of the retinal image is a major concern. The use of contact lens electrodes was rejected since a good pattern could not be recorded. This is believed to be due to blurring of the retinal image. As indicator of image quality the patient's visual acuity is often used. We wondered whether this is a sufficient criterion. The retinal image is the product of the whole optical point-spread function of the eye whereas visual acuity refers only to the central portion of this function. On the basis of existing reports it can be estimated that for the young normal eye the outer edges of this function (straylight) causes considerable loss of contrast. The strength of the straylight can be much greater in older eyes. We studied the relation between the point-spread function including straylight and the pattern electroretinogram in normal eyes and some pathological cases. The measurements proved to follow the calculated contrasts on the basis of a local luminance model, with the exception of enhancement (tuning) around 60′ checksize for the young normal eye. Because of the considerable differences in straylight in an older population one has to take into account that loss of pattern electroretinogram can be suffered in patients with otherwise good visual acuity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143952
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discrepancies between single stimulus and multiple stimulus visual field examinations with the Peritest semi-automated perimeter in glaucoma patients (1992)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 82 (1992), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Multiple stimulus ; Peritest perimeter ; Single stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a total of 24 randomly selected eyes of glaucoma patients, tested with the automated (single stimulus) and the manual (multiple stimulus) modes of the semi-automated Peritest perimeter, the numbers and depths of defects were compared as estimated with these two different measurement strategies. It was found that with the manual technique considerably less defects were detected than with the automated strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157003
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1993)
    Springer
    International ophthalmology 17 (1993), S. 55-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2630
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00918870
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of pathological intraocular light scatter for visual disability (1986)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 61 (1986), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: stray light ; glare ; contrast sensitivity ; cataract ; corneal dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For healthy eyes intraocular light scatter was investigated several decades ago. For pathological eyes, however, little is known. As clinical test several techniques have been proposed but none has gained general acceptance. A disadvantage of these tests was that quantities were estimated that related only indirectly to the amount of light scatter. We propose a method that gives a direct estimate of the light scatter. We studied patients with cataract, corneal dystrophy, iris and fundus hypopigmentation, etc. A remarkable finding was that visual acuity correlates rather weakly with the amount of scatter. Since, however, the amount of scatter causes a considerable loss of visual function, the results show that for these patients the visual acuity test gives a rather limited impression of their visual handicap. More attention to the problems associated with intraocular light scatter is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00142360
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern ERG and glaucomatous visual field defects (1986)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 61 (1986), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: luminance ERG ; pattern ERG ; glaucoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the past five years numerous reports have suggested that ganglion cell function can be tested by means of a specialized form of electroretinography, the socalled pattern electroretinogram (PERG). Because of the important potentials of a ganglion cell test for clinical use this technique has been applied by several investigators to patients with (presumed) ganglion cell dysfunction, especially glaucoma. On grounds of principle we had reason to question whether the reported positive results should be attributed to ganglion cell dysfunction or to other factors such as optical disturbances. We investigated in this study the PERG as a function of visual field loss in glaucoma patients with careful control of optical factors. We did not find changes in PERG as a function of field loss. So either field loss is not related to the mass behaviour of ganglion cells, or ganglion cells are not the prime basis of the PERG. We believe the latter to be true.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00142361
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern electroretinogram can be more than the sum of local luminance responses (1988)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 69 (1988), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: luminance electroretinogram ; pattern electroretinogram ; point-spread function ; straylight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is generally accepted that the pattern electroretinogram for very large spatial elements is the result of local luminance stimulation. Responses due to the luminance differences between elements may be assumed to be relatively unimportant because in the case of large elements only few retinal units are stimulated by gradients. With decreasing pattern element size one wonders to what extent the electroretinogram continues to be based on the local luminance stimulation. We investigated this question using 8 Hz checkerboard reversal and compared the pattern recordings with the recordings resulting from the same stimulus field modulated homogeneously (focal electroretinogram). A 100% modulated checkerboard at retinal level may be considerably less modulated because of imperfect optics of the eye. So the pattern electroretinogram should be compared with homogeneous field stimulation of correspondingly lower modulation depth. On the basis of the optical transfer properties of the eye we compared by subtracting the proper focal electroretinogram from the pattern electroretinogram. The difference response was virtually zero for check sizes larger than 120′. For checks from 60′ down the difference response was of the same order of magnitude as the adjusted focal recording. This difference response for eyes with normal optics is largest around 30′; its wave form was found to be rather invariant with check size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00154411
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