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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of organic matter and nitrogen during co-composting of olive mill wastewater with solid organic wastes (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 222-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Olive mill wastewater ; Composting ; Organic matter degradation ; Nitrogen fractions ; Humification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Four olive mill wastewater (OMW) composts, prepared with three N-rich organic wastes and two different bulking agents, were studied in a pilot plant using the Rutgers system. Organic matter (OM) losses during composting followed a first-order kinetic equation in all the piles, the slowest being the OM mineralisation rate in the pile using maize straw (MS). The highest N losses through NH3 volatilisation occurred in the mixtures which had a low initial C/N ratio and high pH values during the process. Such losses were reduced considerably when MS was used as the bulking agent instead of cotton waste (CW). N fixation activity increased during the bio-oxidative phase before falling during maturation. This N fixation capacity was higher in piles with a lower NH4 +-N concentration. Only the composts prepared with OMW, CW and poultry manure or sewage sludge reached water-soluble organic C (CW) and NH4 +-N concentrations and CW/Norg and NH4 +/NO3 – ratios within the established limits which indicate a good degree of compost maturity. Increases in the cation-exchange capacity, the percentage of humic acid-like C and the polymerisation ratio revealed that the OM had been humified during composting. The germination index indicated the reduction of phytotoxicity during composting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000239
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and nitrogen transformation during composting of sweet sorghum bagasse (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Composting ; Organic matter degradation ; Humification ; Nitrogen forms ; Sweet sorghum bagasse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two types of compost, consisting of sweet sorghum bagasse with either sewage sludge or a mixture of pig slurry and poultry manure, were studied in a pilot plant using the Rutgers system. The total degradation of the piles as determined by the weight loss of organic matter during the bio-oxidative and maturation phases accounted for 64% of the organic matter applied and followed a first-order kinetic function. Concentrations of total and organic N increased during the composting process as the degradation of organic C compounds reduced the compost weight. Losses of N through NH3 volatilization were low, particularly in the compost with sewage sludge due to pH values of 〈7.0 and the low temperatures reached in the compost during the first 2 weeks. The C:N ratio in the two composts decreased from 24.0 and 15.4 to values between 12 and 10. Increases in cation exchange capacity and in fulvic and humic acid-like C revealed that the organic matter had been humified during composting. The humification index, the C:N ratio, fulvic:humic acid-like C, and cation exchange capacity proved to be the most suitable parameters for assessing the maturity of these composts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384446
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity risks on calcareous soils following pig slurry applications (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The electrical conductivity of pig slurry suggests that addition of this waste to soils in arid and semi-arid areas could cause salinization. Changes in electrical conductivity and soluble salt concentration in two calcareous soils indicated a salinity risk after 24 months of pig slurry addition at rates of 400 m2/ha/yr or more. Salinity risk increased with soil water-holding capacity. Water-soluble potassium concentrations showed a greater increase than other cations in the soils because of the large amount present in the slurry. The proportion of soluble potassium in the soil depended on the soil's cation exchange capacity and on the composition of the clay fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00907.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient balances in calcareous soils after application of different rates of pig slurry (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in amounts of macro-(N, P, K) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were determined in two calcareous soils amended over an eight-month period with pig slurry applications ranging from 0 to 500 m3/ha, and planted in containers with green pepper (Capsicum annuum). Total N and exchangeable K increased after slurry applications of 300 m3/ha or more, and available P increased after the smallest application rate (100m3/ha). Maximum crop nutrient uptakes of 41, 40 and 91% for N, P and K occurred with the smallest dose of slurry. Large losses of N, ranging from 27 to 74% (mean 55%) of N added to soil, occurred with all slurry treatments. From 41 to 71% (mean 55%) of the total P added in pig slurry was fixed in non-assimilable forms. Most of the K from the pig slurry was available to the plants. Most of the micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) from the slurry were immobilized in the soil, probably because of the high pH and the small amounts of organic matter in both the slurries and soils tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00920.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of HCl–HF purification treatment on chemical composition and structure of humic acids (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Sample preparation for the study of humic acids involves a purification treatment to remove both mineral and organic components extracted along with the humic substances. The effects of HCl–HF purification on the chemical composition and structure of humic acids were studied in samples from eight different composts. Only small increases in the concentrations of C, N and H and a decrease in O were found in purified humic acids when compared with the unpurified materials, no more than 10% of average concentration. Total and phenolic acidity increased in the purified materials, whereas carboxylic and carbonyl acidity showed no statistically significant differences as a result of the purification. Gel permeation chromatography showed that only minor changes occurred in molecular size distribution of the humic acids, and the infrared spectra showed no appreciable differences between the purified humic acids and the untreated materials. We conclude that the HCl–HF treatment successfully reduced the ash contents of the humic acids without modifying their chemical composition and structure significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00464.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear force surface contrast on self-assembly monolayers (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3110-3112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Shear force measurements on self-assembly monolayers, which show domains of opposite water affinity, are performed with conventional Al-coated and functionalized near-field probes. Approach curves are discussed, illustrating the influence of the wettability properties of the tip as well as the sample on the oscillation amplitude damping of the probe. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1324728
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved tip performance for scanning near-field optical microscopy by the attachment of a single gold nanoparticle (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 2134-2136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanometer-size optical probes are gaining increasing interest in near-field optical microscopy. Optimization of the probe shape is still a challenging research and development issue. Here, we propose to improve the optical properties of a fiber-based probe by attachment at the tip apex of one single gold particle of 60 nm diameter. This probe produces an enhancement of the light throughput, both in the near and the far fields, a homogenization of the diffracted light polarization, and a higher accuracy of the topographic sensitivity. In this letter, the chemical procedure for the fixation of one single gold particle on the apex of a standard tip for scanning near-field microscopy is described. Far-field as well as near-field measurements with this probe are performed, showing improvement of the light distribution in excellent agreement with the theory. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126277
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel sensitized photochromic organic glass for holographic optical storage (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 1657-1659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new class of photochromic glasses for use in irreversible holographic optical storage applications is described. The recording mechanism involves a triplet-sensitized photoreaction of an organic chromophore. The materials are isotropic and red-sensitive, and exhibit high diffraction efficiencies and long hologram lifetimes. The wavelength sensitivity can be adjusted by the choice of sensitizer; C60, sensitive in the red, is described here. Single digital data page recording and error-free readout are demonstrated at a density of 0.5 Mb/cm2; multiplexing in a 150-μm-thick sample is also demonstrated. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117018
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pH and heavy metal concentrations in solution culture on the proton release, growth and elemental composition ofAlyssum murale andRaphanus sativus L. (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alyssum murale ; heavy metals ; hyperaccumulator plant ; metal tolerance ; pH ; proton release ; Raphanus sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The proton release by a species that can hyperaccumulate nickel (Alyssum murale) and by a non-accumulator (Raphanus sativus L.) was studied at different pH and heavy metal concentrations in solution culture. Both factors influenced the growth and composition of the plants.A. murale was more sensitive than radish to a decrease of pH from 7.0 to 6.0 in the growth medium; plant yield and proton production diminished with decreasing pH. However, yields and proton production of radish only decreased at pH 5.5. The differences in the amounts of protons produced between the hyperaccumulator species and radish were not large enough to conclude that decreasing pH in the rhizosphere ofA. murale is a mechanism for heavy metal solubilization. Nickel concentrations inA. murale followed the typical pattern of an accumulator plant — more Ni was accumulated in the shoots than in the roots. Lower concentrations of Zn and Cd occurred in the shoots than in roots ofA. murale, and also of Ni in radish. The concentrations of Co inA. murale shoots were increased when Zn, Ni and Cd were absent from the nutrient solution. However, Co concentrations in radish shoots were independent of the concentrations of other heavy metals in the growth medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185484
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the chemical changes in the rhizosphere of the nickel hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale with the non-accumulator Raphanus sativus (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: heavy metals ; hyperaccumulator plant ; pH ; redox potential ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in pH and redox potential were studied in the rhizosphere soil of a nickel hyperaccumulator plant (Alyssum murale) and of a crop plant, radish (Raphanus sativus). Differences in rhizosphere pH and reducing activity were found between the lateral and the main roots of both species, but the pH changes in the rhizosphere were similar in both species. Changes in pH were associated with the relative uptakes of cations and anions; whether the concentrations of heavy metals in the growth medium did not have any effect on the rhizosphere pH. The source of nitrogen (ammonium or nitrate) was the major factor determining the pH of the rhizosphere of both species. The redox potential of the rhizosphere was influenced by both the N-source and the concentrations of heavy metals. When heavy metals were not present in the growth medium, and nitrate was the N-source, the reducing capacity of A. murale roots was enhanced. However, the reducing activity of A. murale was always smaller than that of radish. Therefore, the mechanism of metal solubilization by the hyperaccumulator plant does not involve either the reduction of pH in the rhizosphere or the release of reductants from roots. The acidification and reducing activity of the roots of A. murale was always smaller than that of R. sativus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010077
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