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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone system and the sympathetic nervous system are anatomically and functionally interconnected and hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis contribute to the regulation of catecholaminergic systems. To investigate the role of glucocorticoids on activity of the adrenal gland, we analysed plasma and adrenal catecholamines, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA expression in rats injected with metyrapone or dexamethasone. Metyrapone-treated rats had significantly lower epinephrine and higher norepinephrine production than control rats. Metyrapone increased TH protein synthesis and TH mRNA expression whereas its administration did not affect PNMT mRNA expression. Dexamethasone restored plasma and adrenal epinephrine concentrations and increased PNMT mRNA levels, which is consistent with an absolute requirement of glucocorticoids for PNMT expression. Adrenal denervation completely abolished the metyrapone-induced TH mRNA expression. Blockage of cholinergic neurotransmission by nicotinic or muscarinic receptor antagonists did not prevent the metyrapone-induced rise in TH mRNA. Finally, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) adrenal content was not affected by metyrapone. These results provide evidence that metyrapone-induced corticosterone depletion elicits transsynaptic TH activation, implying noncholinergic neurotransmission. This may involve neuropeptides other than PACAP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In humans, an altered control of cortisol secretion was reported in adult men born with a low birth weight making the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis a possible primary target of early life programming. In rats, we have recently shown that maternal food restriction during late pregnancy induces both an intrauterine growth retardation and an overexposure of fetuses to maternal corticosterone, which disturb the development of the HPA axis in offspring. The first aim of this work was to investigate, in adult male rats, whether perinatal malnutrition has long-lasting effects on the HPA axis activity during both basal and stressful conditions. Moreover, as the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system are both activated by stress, the second aim of this work was to investigate, in these rats, the adrenomedullary catecholaminergic system under basal and stressful conditions. This study was conducted on 4-month-old male rats malnourished during their perinatal life and on age-matched control animals. Under basal conditions, perinatal malnutrition reduced body weight and plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) level but increased mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene expression in CA1 hippocampal area. After 30 min of restraint, perinatally malnourished (PM) rats showed increased plasma noradrenaline, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone concentrations similarly as controls, but calculated plasma-free corticosterone concentration was significantly higher and adrenaline level lower than controls. During the phase of recovery, PM rats showed a rapid return of plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations to baseline levels in comparison with controls. These data suggest that in PM rats, an elevation of basal concentrations of corticosterone, in face of reduced CBG and probably increased hippocampal MR lead to a much larger impact of corticosterone on target cells that mediate the negative-feedback mechanism on the activities of both the HPA axis and sympathoadrenal one.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0167-0115
    Keywords: Adrenal capsule/zona glomerulosa ; Aldosterone ; Corticosterone ; NPY ; PYY
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 61 (1979), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Emotional reactivity ; Open field ; Heart rate ; Atropine ; Propranolol ; Autonomic nervous system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown in male rats of two albino strains, Wistar and Sprague-Dawley, that differences in emotional reactivity were related to physiological differences (Bernet and Denimal, 1978). Particularly the resting heart rate was slower in the more emotionally reactive rats. It has been suggested that emotional reactivity is linked with a certain neurovegetative balance. This possibility was investigated in twelve rats of each strain by means of differential blockade of the autonomic nervous system by atropine and propranolol. The heart rate response of the emotionally reactive strain to propranolol was statistically smaller than that of the non reactive strain. On the other hand, the heart rate increase resulting from atropine treatment was more elevated in the same rats. The calculated sympathetic and parasympathetic tones (as % of intrinsic heart rate) were 8% and 30% respectively in the reactive rats. However, both of the tones were 14% in the non reactive rats. In conclusion, the high defecating rats in the open-field exhibit a lower sympathetic tone linked with a higher parasympathetic tone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words ACTH ; Corticosterone ; GABA ; Noradrenaline ; Adrenaline ; Stress ; Rat ; Diazepam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Gabolysat PC60 is a fish protein hydrolysate with anxiolytic properties commonly used as a nutritional supplement. Objective: The diazepam-like effects of PC60 on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary-adrenal system and on sympathoadrenal activity were studied. Methods: The activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis, measured by plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (B) of the sympathoadrenal complex, measured by circulating levels of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A), and the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) content in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus were investigated in male rats which received daily, by an intragastric feeding tube, for 5 days running either diazepam (1 mg/kg) or PC60 (300 or 1200 mg/kg). Controls received only solvent (carboxymethylcellulose 1%). Six hours after the last force-feeding, the rats were subjected to 3 min ether inhalation or 30 min restraint and killed by decapitation 30 min after ether stress or at the end of restraint. Results: Baseline plasma levels of ACTH, B, NA and A were not affected by either diazepam or PC60. Both ether- and restraint-induced release of ACTH, but not B, were similarly and drastically reduced by diazepam and PC60 (1200 mg/kg). Both diazepam and PC60 (1200 mg/kg) deleted restraint-induced NA and A increases. Both treatments also reduced the ether-induced rise of A. Basal levels of GABA were significantly increased in both the hippocampus and the hypothalamus in PC60-treated rats and only in the hippocampus in diazepam-treated ones. In controls, ether inhalation as well as restraint increased GABA content of these two brain structures. In contrast, such stress procedures performed in PC60-treated rats reduced GABA content slightly in the hippocampus but significantly in the hypothalamus. In diazepam-treated rats, GABA content of the hypothalamus was unaffected by stresses but that of the hippocampus was slightly decreased. Conclusions: Present data suggest diazepam-like effects of PC60 on stress responsiveness of the rat pituitary adrenal axis and the sympathoadrenal activity as well as GABA content of the hippocampus and the hypothalamus under resting and stress conditions. These effects of PC60 agree with anxiolytic properties of this nutritional supplement, previously reported in both rats and humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 13 (1988), S. 823-827 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Cultured neurons ; cerebral hemispheres ; chick embryos ; catecholamines ; indoleamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Catecholamine and indoleamine levels were determined in cultured neurons from chick embryos and in the “homologous” embryonic cerebral hemispheres in order to study their neurotransmission systems. The seeding of a large number of cells resulted in a pure neuronal culture made of clusters interconnected by processes. Norepinephrine, which was absent from the starting material of the culture, appeared on the 2nd day and then decreased. A small amount of epinephrine was present on the 2nd day and decreased thereafter. Dopamine was not detected. In the cerebral hemispheres of chick embryos, dopamine appreared on the 10th day in ovo and increased steadily up to the 18th day. Epinephrine was also present in the cerebral hemispheres. Its level increased up to the 14th day and then decreased. Indoleamines were measured in the same material. The level of serotonin was markedly higher than that of catecholamines and it increased during cultivation. Tryptophan was already present in the starting material and its amount increased during cultivation. The level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid changed like that of serotonin. In the embryonic cerebral hemispheres, the concentration of serotonin was highest on the 12th day after incubation and then decreased. Tryptophan level decreased steadily all during the embryogenesis. These results were discussed on the ground of differences in the synthesized neurotransmitters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 33 (1974), S. 57-70 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Training ; Exercise ; Epinephrine ; Norepinephrine ; Heart Rate ; Entraînement ; Exercice ; Adrénaline ; Noradrénaline ; Fréquence cardiaque
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des rats Wistar ont subi un entraînement prolongé sur tapis roulant pendant douze semaines. L'excretion urinaire des catécholamines a été mesurée après une épreuve de course donnée, imposée chaque semaine. Cette excrétion comparée à celle d'animaux témoins est particulièrement élevée lors du premier examen et tend par la suite à diminuer avec la progression de l'entraînement. Toutefois, si les variations d'excrétion urinaire d'adrénaline et de noradrénaline s'effectuent dans le même sens, on constate que la réponse adrénalinique reste toujours proportionnellement plus importante que celle de la noradrénaline. D'autre part, la fréquence cardiaque au cours de l'exercice est relativement moins élevée chez les rats entraînés qui présentent une bradycardie de repos. Cette diminution de la fréquence cardiaque associée à la baisse des catécholamines (en particulier de la noradrénaline) permettrait d'envisager une diminution de l'activité sympathique liée à, l'entraînement. Par ailleurs, on constate une hypertrophie surrénalienne, en rapport, selon toute vraisemblance, avec l'activation accrue du cortex surrénalien provoqué par la répétition des exercices. Cette activation pourrait être à l'origine d'une méthylation accrue de la noradrénaline dont la conséquence serait le maintien d'une excrétion urinaire plus élevée d'adrénaline.
    Notes: Abstract Wistar rats were submitted to prolonged training on a treadmill during twelve weeks. The urinary catecholamine excretion was measured after an exercise-test, performed once a week. This excretion with regard to control rats is specially increased after the first exercise-test, and afterwards tends to decrease with the training progression. However, if the variations in the urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion are similar, the adrenergic response remains always relatively higher than the noradrenergic one. On the other hand, the heart rate during exercise is relatively lower in trained rats, which show a resting bradycardia. The heart rate failing associated with a catecholamine (and particularly norepinephrine) decrease would allow to consider that a sympathetic response reduction were bound to physical training. Moreover an adrenal hypertrophy is found which is likely related to an increase in activation of adrenal cortex due to physical conditionning. An improvement of norepinephrine methylation in adrenal medulla could be originated by this activation, the consequence of which being an increase in epinephrine urinary excretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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