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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 501-508 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; Wide-dynamic-range neurons ; Tail formalin ; Sciatic afferences ; Thermal stimulation ; Facilitation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A recent model of formalin injection in the tail induced a facilitation of the hindpaw withdrawal reflexes. In the present work we tried, after injecting formalin into the tail of the albino rat, to determine the spontaneous activity and response changes of lumbar sciatic wide-dynamic-range neurons to thermal stimulations of the paw at 45°C and 48°C (the respective thresholds for noxious and non-noxious thermal stimuli). The experiments were carried out with multiple recording electrodes placed in a comb array in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord at L4–L6 level in the sciatic projection field. A significant facilitation of the spontaneous activity was already evident 2 min after injection; at 5 min there were strong facilitations to the thermal stimuli. Stimuli at 45°C, often ineffective prior to the formalin injection, became strongly excitatory. Stimuli at 48°C evoked more conspicuous responses. This facilitatory effect on spontaneous and thermal responses followed a time-course comparable to that described for the excitations seen after paw formalin injection, but the duration was more prolonged, lasting more than 2 h. These data indicate a facilitatory role of the formalin effects on spinal sciatic neurons after injection in the tail. It is proposed that the mutual effects of spinal neurons in distant spinal segments could explain the facilitation and such a time-course, and that a role in the development of prolonged pain could be envisaged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The processing of olfactory inputs by the parahippocampal region has a central role in the organization of memory in mammals. The olfactory input is relayed to the hippocampus via interposed synapses located in the piriform and entorhinal cortices. Whether olfactory afferents directly or indirectly project to other areas of the parahippocampal region beside the entorhinal cortex (EC) is uncertain. We performed an electrophysiological and imaging study of the propagation pattern of the olfactory input carried by the fibres that form the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) into the parahippocampal region of the in vitro isolated guinea pig preparation. Laminar analysis was performed on field potential depth profiles recorded with 16-channel silicon probes at different sites of the insular–parahippocampal cortex. The LOT input induced a large amplitude polysynaptic response in the lateral EC. Following appropriate LOT stimulation, a late response generated by the interposed activation of the hippocampus was observed in the medial EC. LOT stimulation did not induce any local response in area 36 of the perirhinal cortex (PRC), while a small amplitude potential with a delay similar to the lateral EC response was inconsistently observed in PRC area 35. No PRC potentials were observed following the responses evoked by LOT stimulation in either the lateral or the medial EC. These findings were substantiated by current source density analysis of PRC laminar profiles. To further verify the absence of EC-to–PRC field interactions after LOT stimulation, high-resolution optical imaging of neuronal activity was performed after perfusion of the isolated brain with the voltage-sensitive dye RH-795. The optical recordings confirmed that olfactory-induced activity in the EC does not induce massive PRC activation. The present findings suggest that the olfactory input into the parahippocampal region is confined to the entorhinal cortex. The results also imply that, as demonstrated for the PRC-to-EC pathway, the propagation of neuronal activity from the EC to the PRC is hindered, possibly by a powerful inhibitory control generated within the EC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Regulatory Peptides 18 (1987), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 0167-0115
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Nociception
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: An experimental survey, employing refraction wide-angle reflection seismic techniques (DSS: deep seismic soundings) was carried out in the Northern Apennines (North Italy).The main objective of the experiment was the application of DSS to better-define the structure of the upper crust, down to about 15 km depth, in the crucial Alps–Apennines boundary zone. A second objective was to understand the potential of DSS as a complementary tool in areas of complex geology, where the results of near vertical reflection (NVR) are generally poor.The results of the experiment show that DSS, if properly planned, can continuously follow deep markers, and therefore impart a greater significance to faint and discontinuous NVR, as well as data on the P– wave velocity of the seismic units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A reflection/refraction seismic experiment performed in 1991 in the western Po plain gave basic data to constrain the interpretation of the crustal structures across the Alps/Apennines junction zones. Two different seismic domains, north and south of the western supposed prosecution of the Villalvernia-Varzi line, are evidenced from the interpretation of the data. The boundary between the two domains is characterized by strong lateral variations from southern high to northern low velocity layers. The northward abrupt deepening of the refractor/reflector basement is followed at depth by a similar deepening of the crust/mantle boundary. The geological interpretation evidences domains with coherent and independent evolution at surface level juxtaposed along oblique discontinuities cutting across the crust. A peculiar feature is the presence of both crust and mantle north-verging wedges into the crustal structure and the overthrust at depth of the ‘alpine’ metamorphic crust onto the ‘apenninic’ nappes (Monferrato region).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 81 (1992), S. 275-289 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract A series of 8 new seismic refraction profiles were computed as extensions of the borehole controlled reflection profiles of the Po plain into the northern Apennines and the Ligurian Alps. They help to more clearly define the subsurface structure of this intricate ‘Ligurian knot’. In particular, it has been possible to identify a number of high velocity bodies, and they may be correlated with such geological entities as the Adriatic Mesozoic, ophiolites of the Apenninic Liguride nappes, and ophiolites or Mesozoic carbonates underlying the Antola flysch in the Alpine part of the knot. When combining the refraction and reflection lines, these bodies appear to be bounded by important dislocation surfaces, such as the Padanide sole thrust (Plio-Pleistocene), the Villalvernia Varzi line (Oligo-Miocene), the Ottone-Levanto line (Oligo-Miocene), and the Volpedo-Valle Salimbene fault (Oligo-Miocene; reactivated as a transfer fault in the Plio-Pleistocene). The 3D geometry may be interpreted in terms of regional kinematics and is compatible with a model that envisages an Oligo-Early Miocene NW translation of the Adriatic indenter, coupled with collapse in the Provençal-Ligurian sea and rotation of the Sardinia-Liguria complex into the roll-back of the Adriatic subduction zone. The refraction interpretations, extending to a depth of 15 km, are supplemented by data on the Moho configuration obtained for the European Geotraverse. The Moho appears to be dissected into a series of patches which may be interpreted in terms of the shallow crustal configuration and its history. In particular, the deepest patch appears to be terminated by the Volpedo-Valle Salimbene fault, which consequently would displace the entire crust.
    Abstract: Résumé Une série de huit nouveaux profils de sismique réfraction a été calculée comme prolongement dans l'Apennin et les Alpes ligures de profils de réflexion situés dans le bassin du Pô et contrôlés par des sondages. Ces profils aident à mieux définir la tectonique profonde de ce «noeud ligure» complexe. Dans le détail ils ont rendu possible l'identification d'un certain nombre de domaines à vitesse élevée qui peuvent être corrélés avec des unités géologiques telles que le Mésozoïque adriatique, les ophiolites des nappes appeniques et les ophiolites et carbonates alpins sous le flysch d' Antola. Dans les profils réflexionréfraction combinés, ces domaines semblent être bornés par des surfaces de dislocation importantes: le chevauchement basai des Padanides (Plio-Pleistocène), la ligne de Villalvernia-Varzi (Oligo-Miocène inférieur), la ligne d'Ottone-Levanto (Oligo-Miocène inférieur), la faille de Volpedo-Valle Salimbene (Oligo-Miocène inférieur, réactivée au Plio-Pleistocène en coulissement sénestre). La géométrie à trois dimensions du «noeud ligure» peut être interprétée dans le cadre d'une cinématique régionale. Elle est compatible avec un modèle qui envisage une translation vers le nord-ouest du poinçon adriatique, en même temps que l'effondrement du bassin liguroprovençal, celui-ci étant accompagné de la rotation du complexe sardo-ligure dans la zone de subduction adriatique reculant vers l'est. Les profils réfraction qui ne s'étendent qu'à 15 km de profondeur sont complétés par des données sur le comportement du Moho, acquises lors des travaux pour la géotraverse européenne (EGT). Le Moho s'avère être découpé en fragments dont la position peut être interprétée dans le contexte de la configuration et de l'histoire tectonique de la croûte supérieure. En particulier, le fragment le plus profond se termine à la faille de Volpedo-Valle Salimbene qui semble donc affecter la croûte toute entière.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Acht neue seismische Refraktionsprofile in den Nordappenninen und den Ligurischen Alpen wurden berechnet, und zwar in der Fortsetzung von Reflexionsprofilen im Pobecken, die von Bohrungen kontrolliert sind. Diese neuen Refraktionsprofile tragen bei zu einer besseren Erfassung der Untergrundstruktur dieses verwickelten „Ligurischen Knotens“. Im besonderen haben sie die Abgrenzung von einigen Körpern hoher Geschwindigkeit ermöglicht, die korrelierbar sind mit gewissen geologischen Einheiten, nämlich mit dem adriatischen Mesozoikum, den Ophiolithen der appenninischen Liguriden sowie mit den Antolaflysch unterlagernden Ophiolithen und Karbonaten der ligurischen Alpen. Bei der Verbindung der Reflexions- und Refraktionslinien stellt sich heraus, daß die genannten Einheiten hoher Geschwindigkeit durch wichtige Dislokationen getrennt sind: die basale Überschiebung der Padaniden (Plio-Pleistocaen), die Villalvernia-Varzi-Linie (Oligo-Miocaen), die Ottone-Levanto-Linie (Oligo-Miocaen) und den Volpedo-Valle Salimbene-Bruch (Oligo-Miocaen, reaktiviert als Transferbruch im Plio-Pleistocaen). Die 3D-Geometrie des Ligurischen Knotens ist interpretierbar im Rahmen der regionalen Kinematik. Sie ist verträglich mit einem Modell, das eine oligocaen-frühmiocaene NW-Translation des Adria-Indenters vorsieht, gekoppelt mit einem Einbruch des provençalisch-ligurischen Beckens und einer Rotation des sardo-ligurischen Komplexes in die nach Osten zurückweichende adriatische Subduktionszone. Die refraktionsseismischen Berechnungen erstrecken sich nur bis zu einer Tiefe von 15 km; sie werden jedoch ergänzt durch Daten über die Lage der Moho, die für die Europäische Geotraverse (EGT) erarbeitet wurden. Die Moho scheint in eine Anzahl von Domänen zerlegt zu sein, die interpretiert werden können im Lichte der Zusammensetzung und tektonischen Geschichte der höheren Krustenteile. Insbesondere scheint die tiefstgelegene Moho-Domäne abgeschnitten zu werden durch den Volpedo-Valle Salimbene-Bruch, welcher folglich die ganze Kruste in Mitleidenschaft ziehen würde.
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