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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 609-634 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: More than 5000 introductions of about 2000 species of exotic arthropod agents for control of arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands during the past 120 years rarely have resulted in negative environmental effects. Yet, risks of environmental effects caused by releases of exotics are of growing concern. Twenty countries have implemented regulations for release of biological control agents. Soon, the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM3) will become the standard for all biological control introductions worldwide, but this standard does not provide methods by which to assess environmental risks. This review summarizes documented nontarget effects and discusses the development and application of comprehensive and quick-scan environmental risk assessment methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: pesticides ; side effects ; beneficial arthropods ; parasites ; predators ; entomopathogenic fungi ; IOBC ; pesticides ; effets secondaires ; arthropodes utiles parasites ; prédateurs ; champignons entomopathogènes ; OILB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les essais de tous niveaux (depuis le laboratoire jusqu'au plein champ) pour établir les effets de 20 pesticides sur 19 organismes utiles différents, ont été menés par les membres du groupe de travail «Pesticides et Organismes utiles» de l'OILB/SROP. Ce 5e programme coordonné d'essais pesticides a été réalisé par 21 participants appartenant à 11 pays européens. Les pesticides (7 insecticides, 8 fongicides et 5 herbicides) qui furent choisis en fonction de leur sélectivité possible ont été essayés selon les principes internationaux approuvés. Parmi les 20 préparations essayées les acaricides Appolo SOSC, Cesa S.KL.; les fongicides Baycor, Delan, Vitigran, Impact, Rovral PM et les herbicides Luxan 2,4-D amine, Ally et Dirigol-N furent sans danger pour presque tous les organismes utiles essayés et furent recommandés pour les programmes de Lutte Intégrée. L'essai ultérieur des 10 préparations restantes est recommandé. Les activités du groupe de travail pour terminer le développement d'une procédure urgente pour contrôler les effets secondaires des pesticides sur les organismes utiles et la nécessité d'une coopération plus internationale sont discutées.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory, semi field and field tests to assess the side effects of 20 pesticides on 19 different beneficial organisms were carried out by members of the Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms” of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palearctic Regional Section (WPRS). This 5th joint pesticide testing programme of the working group was carried out by 21 participants in 11 European countries. The pesticides (7 insecticides, 8 fungicides and 5 herbicides), that were chosen for their possible selectivity, were tested according to internationally approved principles. Among the 20 preparations tested, the insecticides Apollo SOSC, Cesar S.L., the fungicides Baycor, Delan flüssig, Vitigran, Impact, Rovral PM, and the herbicides Luxan 2,4-D amine, Ally and Dirigol-N were harmless to nearly all the beneficial organisms tested and are recommended for use in integrated control programmes. The further testing of the remaining 10 preparations is recommended. The activities of the working group to complete the development of urgently needed sequential procedure to test the side effects of pesticides on beneficial organisms based on standard laboratory, semi field and field methods and the need for more international cooperation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: pesticides ; side effects ; beneficial arthropods ; natural enemies ; parasitoids ; predators ; entomopathogenic fungi ; IOBC ; International Organization for Biological Control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets secondaires de 5 insecticides, 8 fongicides et 6 herbicides sur 24 espèces auxiliaires ont été étudiés par les membres du Groupe de travail «Pesticides et Organismes utiles» de l'OILB, Organisation Internationale de Lutte biologique Section Régionale Ouest Paléarctique (SROP). Les tests ont été effectués par 24 participants appartenant à 11 pays, et selon des directives internationalement approuvées. L'insecticide buprofézine (Applaud), les fongicides triforine (Saprol), promycidone (Sumisclex), anilazine (Dyrène), triademinol (Bayfidan), hexaconazole (Anvil), tridémorphe (Calixin) et les berbicides tralkoxydime (Grasp), bentazone (Basagran) se sont révélés sans danger pour presque tous les auxiliaires. Le diflubenzuron (Dimilin) avait un effet néfaste sur les araignées et les larves d'insectes prédateurs. Les 10 préparations restantes étaient plus toxiques et doivent donc faire l'objet d'autres essais sur les organismes utilisés.
    Notes: Abstract The side effects of 5 insecticides, 8 fungicides and 6 herbicides on 24 species of beneficial organisms were tested by members of the Working Group «Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms» of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS). The tests were conducted by 24 members in 11 countries according to internationally approved guidelines. The insecticide buprofezin (Applaud), the fungicides triforine (Saprol), procymidone (Sumisclex), anilazine (Dyrene), triadimenol (Bayfidan), hexaconazole (Anvil), tridemorph (Calixin) and the herbicides tralkoxydim (Grasp), bentazone (Basagran) were harmless to nearly all the beneficial organisms. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) affected spiders and the larvae of predatory insects. The remaining 10 preparations were more toxic and should therefore be further tested in semi-field and field experiment on relevant organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: beneficial arthropods ; entomopathogenic fungi ; natural enemies ; parasitoids ; predators ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The side effect of 10 insecticides, 5 fungicides and 5 herbicides on 24 different species of beneficial organisms was tested by members of the Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’ of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS). The tests were conducted by 32 members in 12 countries according to internationally approved guidelines. The microbial insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Delfin), B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Novodor) and Verticillium lecanii (Micro Germin), the fungicides cyproconazol (Alto), difenoconazol (Score), lecithin (Bioblatt Mehltau) and penconazol (Omnex), and the herbicides ethofumesat (Tramat), fluroxypyr (Starane), haloxyfop (Gallant), isoproturon (Arelon) and metamitron (Goltix) were harmless to nearly all the beneficial arthropods. The benzoylurea's teflubenzuron (Nomolt) and flufenoxuron (Cascade) affected predators such as anthocorids, earwigs, coccinellids and lacewings. The remaining preparations were more toxic and should therefore be further tested in semi-field and field experiments on relevant organisms. Most tested fungicides were toxic for the entomopathogenic fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acetoin and 2, 3-butylene glycol in blood of renal and hepatic patients are raised, when consciousness is disturbed. There is no correlation between blood levels of acetoin and 2, 3-butylene glycol and the degree of impairment of consciousness. Simultaneous determinations of acetoin and 2, 3-butylene glycol in blood and cerebrospinal fluid show that alterations of the cerebral pyruvic acid metabolism are difficult to detect in circulating blood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 22 (1966), S. 321-322 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Versuchspersonen mit normaler glomerulärer Filtration und normaler Leberfunktion wurde nach intravenöser Infusion von Calcium-D-Pantothenat oder Coenzym A die Bilanz der freien und der gebundenen Pantothensäure (Coenzym A) ermittelt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass infundiertes Coenzym A teilweise zu freier Pantothensäure abgebaut wird. Ungefähr 70% des infundierten Coenzym A konnten weder im Urin (als Pantothenat) noch im Blut wiedergefunden werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 17 (1961), S. 359-360 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Acetoin und 2,3-Butylenglykol entstehen bei Menschen und Tieren aus Brenztraubensäure. Beide Substanzen bewirken bei Mäusen Narkose. Bei Ratten tritt der Bezold-Jarisch-Reflex auf. Die Rolle von Acetoin und 2,3-Butylenglykol bei urämischen und hepatischen Bewusstseinsstörungen wird diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tyramine enhanced the production of acetoin from pyruvate in rat liver homogenates. A stimulation of acetoin synthesis was only observed, when tyramine was oxidized during the incubation. Tyrosol (p-hydroxyphenylethanol) stimulated acetoin synthesis whereasp-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and ammonia were ineffective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma brassicae ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; mass rearing ; quality control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The quality of 52 populations of the egg-parasitoidTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) (synonymous toT. maidis Pint. et Voegele) has been compared by investigating seven parameters in each population. The parameters assessed were: emergence rate, sex ratio, ratio of deformed females, life-span, walking activity, fecundity on the factitious host eggs and fecundity on the natural host eggs. The last parameter is used as an indirect measure of the acceptance and suitability of the natural host eggs. Origin, history and treatment of each population were known and used as information for interpreting the quality. For computing and presenting the data classical descriptive statistics as well as graphical methods (profile symbol) were applied. Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis were used for dividing the populations into groups with similar properties. From the results we conclude: a) Strains of the same species, reared under similar conditions, differ in quality. b) Storage and shipment often have a negative impact on quality. c) Crossbred isolated populations showed a lower quality than the parental populations. A synoptical presentation of many parameters assessed on a high number of populations (strains, biotypes, species) is best accomplished by combining profile symbol plots, Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 30 (1981), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Reife Larven und Puppen unterschiedlichen Alters wurden verschiedenen Kombinationen von Kälte-und Wasserbehandlungen, welche den Winterbedingungen in Kreta, Griechenland, entsprechen, unterworfen. Die Mortalitäten von Puppen und frisch geschlüpften Imagines wurden in zwei verschiedenen Böden mit verschiedenen Wassergehalten unter halbnatürlichen Versuchsbedingungen ermittelt, und die Bodentemperaturen gemessen. Nach Wasserbehandlung von mehr als 6 Stunden nahm die Larvenmortalität sowohl in 25 als auch in 7,5° stark zu. Solange die Larven von Wasser überdeckt waren, bildeten sie kein Puparium. Kältebehandlungen von 6° und bis zu 5 Tagen Dauer verursachten ebenfalls hohe Mortalitäten. Puppen waren gegen solche kurze Kältebehandlungen unempfindlich. Sie ertranken aber umso eher, je jünger sie waren. Ein hoher Anteil der Puppen erstickte sowohl in feuchten Böden, die nicht wassergesättigt waren, als auch in vorher überschwemmten Böden, die beim Trocknen erhärtet waren. Trockener, lockerer Boden im Schatten bot die besten Bedingungen. Wenn derselbe Boden jedoch der Sonne ausgesetzt wurde, stieg die Temperatur unter halbnatürlichen Bedingungen bis 12° über die Lufttemperatur. Diese Treibhauswirkung war schwächer, je feuchter der Boden war. In feuchten Böden dauerte das Puppenstadium denn auch entsprechend länger. Die frisch geschlüpften Fliegen erlitten umso höhere Mortalitäten, je tiefer die Puppen vergraben waren. Das zeigte sich besonders deutlich in harten Böden, wo aus 5 cm Tiefe weniger als 5% aller geschlüpften Fliegen bis zur Oberfläche gelangten.
    Notes: Abstract Mature larvae as well as pupae of different ages of Dacus oleae (Gmel.) (Diptera, Tephritidae) were treated with different combinations of various periods of cold and water, simulating winter conditions in Crete, Greece. Furthermore, mortalities of pupae and teneral adults were compared under semi-natural conditions in different soils at various moisture levels. Larvae showed a massive increase in mortality following water treatments of more than 6 hr, and no puparium formation occurred during inundation. Cold treatments proved equally deleterious. Pupae, on the other hand, were not affected by short cold treatments. Young pupae were quickly drowned when covered with water. A high percentage of the pupae died in wet soils, and in soils which, following inundation, had hardened to a dry brick-like consistency. Dry, loose soils in the shade allowed almost complete emergence. In the same soil in the sunshine, however, temperature rose above air temperature, and most pupae were killed. This effect was diminished in more humid soils, where pupal duration was longer. Upon emergence, teneral adults suffered a higher mortality when the pupation site was deeper in the soil, especially in hard soils.
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