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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 101-102 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Tissue ablation ; laser/tissue interaction ; shortpulsed lasers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basis for most laser applications in neurosurgery is the conversion of laser light into heat when the incident laser beam is absorbed by the tissue. Irradiation of neural tissue with laser light therefore leads to its thermal damage. However, due to the diffusion of heat energy into the surrounding tissue, often there is thermal damage to neural tissue outside the area of the target volume. These are the characteristics of thermal laser/tissue interaction. In this paper we discuss how we used three different short-pulsed lasers to achieve non-thermal ablation of neural tissue. Three different short-pulsed lasers were used to generate ultrashort laser pulses in the picosecond to femtosecond range. The interaction of such laser pulses with tissue was predicted to be nonthermal. The short-pulsed lasers were used for the ablation of neural tissue using an in vitro calf brain model. The histopathological examination of the lesions revealed that the neural tissue had been removed very precisely without any sign of thermal damage to the surrounding tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Multiple copies of a gene may lead to difficulty in the interpretation of typing results because polymorphism of the copies may wrongly lead to the conclusion that different types are present in a specimen. To determine the copy number per genome of the nuclear rDNA and beta-tubulin genes analyzed for the typing of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis, we developed a strategy based on the use of the same multicompetitor molecule in two different quantitative-competitive PCRs, one for the gene under study and the other for a reference single copy gene, allowing direct comparison of the results of both PCRs. Control experiments showed that the strategy was sensitive enough to detect duplication of a gene. The copy number of the nuclear rDNA operon was determined by amplification of the intron of the 26S rDNA gene and that of the beta-tubulin by amplification of the region surrounding the intron no. 6. The method was first tested on P. c. carinii, the special form commonly infecting rats. Pneumocystis c. carinii was found to contain a single copy of the rDNA operon. The method was then applied to P. c. hominis. The results confirmed that P. c. hominis genome contains a single copy of the nuclear rDNA and beta-tubulin genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology 8 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eighteen dentists working in the same School Dental Service participated in a calibration trial with the purpose of reducing interexaminer disagreement on radiographic diagnosis of approximal caries. The calibration program was in two stages: firstly, discussion in small groups and, secondly, the use of a reference standard. The effect of the training programs on interexaminer disagreement was limited, but a statistically significant decrease in the number of D-surfaces recorded per child was observed. The finding that the major part of the error variance was due to random error, rather than systematic error, may explain why the calibration program was unsuccessful at reducing error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie haben wir die Zuverlässigkeit eines Schnelltests mittels Latexagglutination (Directigen®, Becton Dickinson) zum direkten Nachweis von β-hämolysierenden Streptokokken der Gruppe A (SGA) im Rachenabstrich mit der konventionellen Kulturmethode verglichen. Bei 229 zufällig ausgewählten Patienten wurde jeweils ein Rachenabstrich entnommen. Alle Rachenabstriche wurden zuerst auf eine Schafblutagarplatte ausgestrichen und mittels Latex-Schnellagglutination auf das Vorhandensein von Antigenen von SGA getestet. 46 (20%) der 229 getesteten Rachenabstriche enthielten in der Kultur SGA. Das Resultat der direkten Latexagglutination stimmte in 222 Fällen (97%) mit der Kultur überein. Die Sensitivität des Tests betrug 93% (43/46), die Spezifität 98% (179/183), die positive Voraussagekraft des Tests 91%, die negative 98%. Wir haben zudem den Nachweis von SGA-Antigenen mittels Koagglutination (Phadebact®, Pharmacia) durchgeführt. 81% (35/43) der Rachenabstriche, welche in der Kultur und im Directigen®-Test positiv waren für SGA-Antigene, waren dies auch im Koagglutinationstest. 100% (179/179) der Rachenabstriche, welche keine SGA-Antigene in der Kultur und mittels Directigen® aufgewiesen haben, waren mittels Koagglutinationstest ebenfalls negativ. Der Directigen®-Schnelltest mittels Latexagglutination zum direkten Nachweis von SGA in Rachenabstrichen ist in seiner Zuverlässigkeit mit der Kulturmethode vergleichbar. Dieser Schnelltest hat den Vorteil, daß das Ergebnis am selben Tag vorliegt.
    Notes: Summary A rapid group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS) antigen detection test using latex agglutination (Directigen®, Becton Dickinson) was compared with a conventional culture method for the direct detection of GAS from throat swabs. One throat specimen was collected from each of 229 patients. After standard inoculation onto sheep blood agar plates, all swabs were tested for GAS antigen. Of the 229 specimens tested, 46 (20%) were GAS-positive by culture. Direct latex agglutination agreed with culture in 222 of them (97%). The sensitivity of the test was 93% (43/46), the specificity 98% (179/183), the positive predictive value 91%, and the negative predictive value 98%. The detection of GAS antigen by coagglutination (Phadebact®, Pharmacia) was also carried out. 81% (35/43) of the cultures and Directigen®-positive specimens gave a positive coagglutination for GAS. 100% (179/179) of the cultures and Directigen®-negative specimens were also negative by the coagglutination test. We conclude that the Directigen® rapid latex agglutination test for the direct detection of GAS from throat swabs compares favorably with culture and has the advantage of providing same-day results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1437-7780
    Keywords: Key words Fungemia ; Antifungal susceptibility testing ; Survey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to test the antifungal susceptibility of 262 bloodstream yeast isolates (164 Candida albicans strain, 88 non-albicans Candida spp. and 10 non-Candida yeasts) recovered from 169 surgical, neonatal, critically ill intensive care unit patients (ICU), and cancer patients (mixed patient population) to amphotericin B (AmB), fluconazole (FLU), 5-flucytosine (5-FC), itraconazole (ITRA), ketoconazole (KETO), miconazole (MICO), and nystatin (NYS), in order to correlate in-vitro resistance to fluconazole with the outcome of fungemia. The agar disk diffusion test was used to assess the susceptibility of the 262 bloodstream yeasts isolates. In addition, 78 strains isolated from cancer patients were also tested with the E-test. There were no differences in the susceptibility of the various C. albicans strains tested, except in 40 isolates from surgery patients, which showed a somewhat lower susceptibility to KETO and MICO to (3.7–5.5% resistance). There were no C. albicans strains resistant to AmB, NYS, or FLU. There were slight differences in the susceptibility patterns of the 88 non-albicans Candida spp. (NAC) isolates. Resistance to AmB and NYS appeared in 1 strain of C. guillermondii (minimum inhibitory concentration; MIC to AmB; 4 μg/ml) and in 1 strain of C. parapsilosis (MIC to NYS, 8 μg/ml and MIC to AmB, 2 μg/ml). All other NACs were susceptible to both polyenes (AmB and NYS). Nine of the 11 strains of C. krusei were resistant to FLU (MIC ≥ 64 μg/ml), the 2 exceptions showed, respectively, MICs for FLU of 6 and 32 μg/ml ("dose-dependent" susceptibility). However, only 2 of 29 C. glabrata strains were fully FLU-resistant (MIC ≥ 64 μg/ml), 27 being susceptible with MIC values of 0.5–8 μg/ml. Apart from 9 C. krusei and 2 C. glabrata strains, 2 C. parapsilosis strains and 1 strain of C. tropicalis were also FLU-resistant. Among the 88 NACs, 17.04% were FLU-resistant and 3.7% were KETO- and ITRA-resistant. Resistance to 5-FC and AmB was minimal. We compared the outcomes of patients infected with FLU-resistant vs FLU-susceptible yeasts in 161 evaluable patients treated with FLU. Attributable mortality was significantly higher (19.0% vs 8.6%; P 〈 0.01) in patients infected with the FLU-resistant yeasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 1 (1987), S. 615-622 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Pyelonephritis ; Renal scars ; Renal inflammation ; Polymorphonuclear leucocytes ; Urinary tract infections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most clinical and experimental evidence suggests that renal scarring occurs following urinary tract infections in those patients with an abnormality of the urinary tract or kidney function. Experimentally, bacterial multiplication within the kidney occurs only in the presence of obstruction, leading rapidly to acute exudative pyelonephritis and invariably to kidney scars within weeks. Various manipulations of the bacterial load and/or of the inflammatory response during acute pyelonephritis have demonstrated that the inflammatory processes, not the bacterial component of pyelonephritis, are responsible for permanent renal tissue damage. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) infiltrating the kidney tissue during acute pyelonephritis appear to release metabolites that are toxic to the parenchyma. Indeed, both the prevention of PMNL influx into renal tissue, by means of colchicine or cyclophosphamide, and the inactivation of some of their toxic metabolites, by means of dapsone, have led to the prevention of tissue damage and kidney scars. However, the most potent protective activity was observed with early antibiotic treatment, which stopped bacterial multiplication and prevented the early influx of PMNLs, thus preventing tissue damage and scar formation. Similar observations have been made in children with acute pyelonephritic episodes, in whom early and aggressive antibiotic treatment prevented subsequent kidney scars, while delayed treatment did not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 4 (1985), S. 579-582 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The automated Cobasbact system was adapted for direct antimicrobial susceptibility testing of positive blood culture broths and its performance compared with that of the conventional Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion method using 278 positive blood samples. Overall, 1746 antibiotic-organism combinations were tested. Full agreement was 86.9 % and essential agreement (i.e. including minor discrepancies) was 91.8 %. The system would seem to produce acceptable susceptibility results within five hours after detection of a positive blood culture broth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The rDNA gene restriction patterns of 134 isolates ofListeria species were determined with pKK3535 — a pBR322 derived plasmid containing anEscherichia coli rRNA operon — used as a probe following digestion of chromosomal DNA byEcoRI endonuclease. Nineteen reference and type strains representing all species and serotypes ofListeria showed 17 distinct ribotypes. One hundred and fifteen wild strains ofListeria monocytogenes were ribotyped and the results were compared to those of serotyping, phage typing, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA). Ninety-sixListeria monocytogenes serotype 4b wild strains displayed six distinct ribotypes (I–VI), 72 % (69/96) of them clustering in two very close rDNA patterns (I and II) of eight and nine bands, respectively. The same 96 strains displayed six REA patterns and eight MEE electrotypes. Among the 96Listeria monocytogenes 4b isolates, the 34 epidemic strains defined by phage typing and by epidemiological data all belonged to one ribotype (ribotype I) representing 56 % of the strains belonging to this ribotype. These same 34 epidemic strains were also grouped by REA and MEE typing in a unique profile (REA-A) and MEE electrotype (ET 1). Twenty-twoListeria monocytogenes strains of serogroup 1/2 analyzed by rDNA typing showed nine distinct ribotypes. For the 96Listeria monocytogenes 4b strains studied, the discriminatory index was highest for phage typing and for any combination including phage typing. Ribotyping appears to be a well reproducible molecular typing method and could be a useful complement to other typing methods for the epidemiological study of listeriosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 16 (1997), S. 924-928 
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A fluconazole 25 ug disk diffusion test was used to test 2230 consecutively isolatedCandida strains from 42 different hospital laboratories in 23 countries. Ninety seven percent of 1634Candida albicans isolates and 83.4% of 596 non-Candida albicans isolates were susceptible to fluconazole, applying the proposed breakpoints (≥26 mm for susceptible strains and 18–25 mm for dosedependent susceptible strains). This is the first hospital laboratory study to evaluate a large number and wide range of sequentialCandida isolates from patients with all types of hospital infections. The fluconazole disk diffusion test appears to be a low-cost, reproducible, and accurate means of assessing the in vitro susceptibility ofCandida isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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