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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth hormone increases growth and dominance of wild juvenile Atlantic salmon without affecting space use (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 65 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Growth hormone (GH) was applied to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr (the pre-migratory freshwater life stage) to manipulate growth potential experimentally and to elucidate the effects on dominance status, actual growth, exploratory activity and home range. Experiments were conducted using seven groups of eight parr from May to September of two successive years. The fish were tagged with passive integrated transponders (PIT tags), tested for dominance, and then held in an enclosed section of a natural stream which was fitted with an array of PIT tag detectors to record space use at a definition of c. 2 m. Relationships between dominance rank, space use and growth were established over 2 weeks. The four lowest ranking fish in each group were then given a slow-release GH implant while the other fish received a placebo. The GH stimulated increase in fork length (LF) and mass and decrease in condition factor due to the relatively greater increase in LF. There was, however, an interaction between GH-stimulated increase in growth and season, with the hormone having an effect only during the early part of the summer. Regardless of treatment, fish that moved most around their home range grew fastest. Increased growth in GH-treated fish was associated with an increase in growth per unit movement, not increased total movement. This suggested that GH-treated fish increased their rate of short-distance (〈2 m) foraging movements. Overall, space use, measured in terms of home range size and time allocation throughout the range, did not vary consistently in response to application of GH. There was a strong correlation between the weighted centre of the home range (a measure of position within the enclosure) before and after treatment, irrespective of whether fish were given GH or a placebo. The study shows that when density is low relative to carrying capacity, GH stimulates increased dominance and growth in a near-natural environment without having measurable effects on space use at a definition of c. 2 m. The results are interpreted as suggesting that high dominance status gives no significant growth advantage in a highly competitive situation, but increases foraging rate when food is abundant. Increased foraging appears to result from local changes in time budgeting rather than variations in the extent of home range and larger-scale movements within it. Thus, in areas with declining wild Atlantic salmon populations where the habitat is unsaturated and food is abundant, introduced domestic Atlantic salmon may be competitively superior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00542.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that growth hormone-induced elevation in routine metabolism of juvenile Atlantic salmon is a result of increased spontaneous activity (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 59 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Growth hormone (GH) significantly increased the growth in mass and length of Atlantic salmon parr. It also significantly increased routine oxygen consumption (MO2). This change in routine MO2 could be attributed to an increase in activity, but not resting MO2. Any elevation in resting MO2 due to GH treatment is much lower than previously suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02379.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased ability to compete for food by growth hormone-transgenic coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 30 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In salmonids, growth hormone (GH) stimulates growth, appetite and the ability to compete for food. This study tested the hypothesis that increased GH levels in GH-transgenic coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) increase competitive ability through higher feeding motivation. The transgenic strain of salmon used contained a gene construct consisting of the sockeye metallothionein-B promoter fused to the type 1 growth gene coding region. The transgenic animals (mean size = 250 g) were F1 individuals. In six consecutive feeding trials, the intake of contested food pellets by size-matched pairs consisting of one control (1 year older non-transgenic coho salmon) and one GH-transgenic coho salmon was compared. Pellets were provided sequentially until neither fish took three consecutive pellets; the identity of the fish taking each pellet was noted. Calculated on the three first pellets offered at each feeding trial, the transgenic coho salmon consumed 2.5 times more contested pellets than the controls, supporting the hypothesis that GH transgenesis increases the ability to compete for food. Overall, the transgenic fish consumed 2.9 times more pellets that the non-transgenic controls, indicating a high feeding motivation of the transgenic fish throughout the feeding trials. It appears that GH transgenesis and GH treatments can induce similar changes in the feeding behaviour of salmonids. Depending on how transgenic and wild individuals differ in other fitness-related characters, escaped GH transgenic fish may compete successfully with native fish in the wild.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00359.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological characteristics of wild Atlantic salmon post-smolts during estuarine and coastal migration (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 63 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Changes were measured in some of the major physiological variables associated with seawater adaptability, growth and energetics in wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts and post-smolts migrating from the river and through the estuary, fjord and coastal areas in the River Orkla and the Trondheimsfjord, Norway during late May to early June. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity increased to levels of 12–16 µmol ADP mg protein−1 h−1 in post-smolts caught in higher salinity zones, probably representing long-term levels of Atlantic salmon post-smolts in oceanic conditions. Muscle moisture was regulated within narrow limits (77·7–78·7%) in fish from all zones during both years, suggesting that post-smolts adapt to marine conditions without any long-term disturbance of hydro-mineral balance. Lipid and glycogen content showed a general trend towards depletion from the river, through the fjord and into the ocean. There was, however, no significant change in protein content. The present results confirm that smolts are naturally ‘energy deficient’ during downstream migration, and suggest that post-smolts also mobilize energy reserves during their early marine phase, while protein is allocated for somatic growth. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels increased transiently during passage through the estuary and fjord, with lower levels observed in post-smolts caught off-shore, i.e. in fish which were feeding on marine prey and had adapted to the marine environment. These physiological changes may confer substantial selective advantages during the critical early marine phase of anadromous salmonids, and hence are adaptive for long-term survival in sea water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00201.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Post-release adaptation processes of hatchery-reared honmasu salmon parr (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 56 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hatchery-reared honmasu salmon Oncorhynchus rhodurus × masou parr released into the Yanagisawa River, Tochigi Prefecture on 24 June 1996 increased significantly in length and weight by November, while siblings retained in hatchery tanks did not. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels of the released parr increased from 1 day after the release until 23 August, while the GH levels of the wild parr in the river did not increase. The released parr started to consume various natural prey organisms within a day after release. However, stomach fullness of the released parr was considerably lower than that of the wild parr during the first week following release. Trypsin activity in the released parr increased after 23 August, 2 months post-release. The results demonstrate that the released parr adapt to the natural river environment within weeks. Endocrine control by GH and exocrine pancreas activity appear to play important roles in the post-release adaptation processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02092.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in branchial and intestinal osmoregulatory mechanisms and growth hormone levels during smolting in hatchery-reared and wild brown trout (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 54 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Evidence of smolting was studied in Danish hatchery-reared brown trout Salmo trutta L. Twenty-four hour seawater (SW) challenge tests (28‰, 10°C) at regular intervals showed that maximal hypo-osmoregulatory ability developed within a 3–4-week period in March and April. The improved ability to regulate plasma osmolality, muscle water content and plasma total [Mg] developed asynchronously, indicating that developmental changes in the gill, the gastrointestinal system and the kidney may not necessarily concur during smolting. Gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity peaked in April at the time of optimal hypo-osmoregulatory ability. Na+, K+-ATPase a -subunit mRNA level in gills was unchanged from January until April, but decreased in May in parallel with a decrease in the activity of the enzyme. In the middle region of the intestine, Na+, K+-ATPase activity increased in February and remained high until April. In the posterior region of the intestine, the activity was stable from January until April after which it decreased. In vitro fluid transport capacitity, Jv, in the middle intestine fluctuated throughout the spring. In the posterior intestine, Jv was low until late March, when it increased fivefold until early May. Drinking rate in fish transferred to SW for 24 h surged during spring. Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the pyloric caeca was elevated from March until May, and increased in response to SW transfer in June, suggesting a hypo-osmoregulatory function of the pyloric caeca. Plasma GH levels surged in FW trout during spring, concurring with the increase in gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity and SW tolerance, but peaked in May when gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity and SW tolerance were regressing. GH levels were generally low in SW-challenged fish, and there was no consistent effect of 24-h SW exposure on GH levels. In wild anadromous trout, gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity varied seasonally as in hatchery-reared fish, but peaked at higher levels suggesting a more intense smolting in fish living in their natural environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb02034.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium metabolism and osmoregulation during sexual maturation of river running Atlantic salmon (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 52 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: As Atlantic salmon return from the ocean to undertake the anadromous spawning migration up the river of origin, profound changes in calcium metabolism and osmoregulation take place. Using tartrate resistant acid phosphatase as a marker, scale osteoclast activity was found to increase throughout sexual maturation and spawning migration. Thus, the participation of osteoclasts in the elevated scale resorption observed during this phase is established. As calcium was simultaneously accumulated in the female gonads, it is proposed that the scales are resorbed in order to provide calcium for the growing ovaries. Plasma oestradiol-17β levels were elevated in females during sexual maturation, and had decreased at the time of spawning. Plasma testosterone levels were similar in males and females during the first part of the upriver migration, but had increased in males and decreased in females at spawning. In addition to the role of these sex steroids in the gonadal growth, their possible involvement in the increased scale resorption during this phase is discussed. Plasma growth hormone and thyroxine levels were elevated in both sexes at spawning, with the triiodothyronine/thyroxine (T3/T4) ratio declining sharply, indicating possible roles for these hormones in the maturational process. The relatively low gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity of salmon caught in the estuary implies that the fish had already adapted to a hypoosmotic environment. During the upriver migration, the gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity decreased further, indicating that the hypoosmoregulatory ability was suppressed further during sexual maturation and spawning migration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00801.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic differences in physiology, growth hormone levels and migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon smolts (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 59 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Out of five strains of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar of 1+ years released upstream of a fyke net in the River Gudenaa in 1996, three, Lagan, Ätran and Corrib, migrated immediately, 50% of the recaptured fish reaching the net in 3–6 days. Burrishoole and Conon fish migrated with a 15–19 day delay. Smolt development in 1997 at the hatchery showed a spring surge in gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity in all strains which was correlated with increased seawater tolerance. Differences in the timing of gill enzyme development matched the observed migration pattern well. Lagan, Ätran and Corrib strains reached high enzyme activity earlier than the Burrishoole and Conon strains, and strains with delayed enzyme development and migration showed a delayed regression of seawater tolerance compared with the early strains. Inter-strain differences in plasma growth hormone profiles could not be related to the observed patterns of Na+, K+-ATPase and seawater tolerance development. The study gives evidence of genetic influence on the timing and intensity of smolting and subsequent migration in Atlantic salmon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02336.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of morphology and physiological actions of scale osteoclasts in the rainbow trout (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 54 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The morphology of scale osteoclasts in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was characterized by light and scanning electron microscopy, and the effects of oestradiol-17β-treatment and sexual maturation on scale osteoclast morphology were investigated. The cells associated with resorption cavities could be distinguished morphologically as two types: symmetrical, compact cells lacking or having only a few cell processes, termed type 1 cells, and asymmetrical cells covered with folds and having several cell processes, termed type 2 cells. In adult sexually maturing fish, where scale resorption was high, type 1 cells were predominant. In juveniles and spawned adults where scale resorption was assumed to be relatively low, mostly type 2 cells were present. Oestradiol 17-β-treatment of juvenile rainbow trout increased the osteoclast activity, but did not affect the osteoclast morphology. Using light microscopy, the majority of the cells observed in, and closely associated with, the resorption cavities were mononucleated in both maturing and spawned fish. Occasionally, bi- and multinucleated osteoclasts were observed in the maturing, but not in the spawned fish. Light microscopic enzyme-histochemistry showed that the majority of the mononucleated cells, as well as the bi- and multinucleated ones, were tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive in both groups of fish, thus implying that both type 1 and type 2 cells were osteoclasts. It is thus apparent that scale resorption in rainbow trout is carried out by two morphologically distinct osteoclast populations, representing different stages of osteoclast activity and/or different stages of osteoclast differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00645.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch: effects on plasma total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and growth hormone (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 19 (1998), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: thyroid hormones ; equilibrium dialysis ; immersion ; radioimmunoassay ; development ; hypothyroid ; smoltification ; teleost ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thyroid hormones transiently increase during parr-smolt transformation in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and are believed to trigger morphological, physiological, behavioural, and neural changes. The effectiveness of propylthiouracil (PTU) to induce hypothyroidism in smolting coho salmon was determined by immersing coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in 30 mg l−1 PTU from May 1, two weeks prior to the consistent annual total thyroxine (TT4) peak in mid-May, until the last sampling date. Plasma was obtained at two sampling dates from control and PTU -treated coho salmon: May 15, during the plasma TT4 peak; and May 26, after the TT4 peak. Radioimmunoassays were used to measure plasma TT4, total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and salmon growth hormone (sGH). The PTU -treatment inhibited the natural smoltification-related increases in plasma TT4, TT3 and GH levels compared with controls, but PTU-treatment did not affect these hormone levels when they were low. PTU -treatment increased FT4 and decreased TT3 and sGH levels in the May 26 sample. In the May 15 sample, FT4 levels were unaffected by PTU-treatment, whereas TT4 levels were decreased. These data demonstrate the ability of PTU to induce hypothyroidism in salmonids as shown by the decrease in TT4 and TT3. These data demonstrate that PTU treatment by immersion can induce hypothyroidism in salmonids as shown by: (1) the inhibition of the natural increases of TT4 and TT3; (2) the increase in FT4 levels corresponding to the lowered TT3 levels, suggesting an inhibition of thyroxine 5′-monodeiodinase activity. We also show for the first time that PTU treatment can lower plasma GH levels in salmonids. This lowering of plasma GH level is associated with the decrease in TT3 levels and the increase in FT4 levels. The PTU induced lowering in GH levels may contribute to the observed changes in FT4 and TT3, since GH is known to increase thyroxine 5′-monodeiodinase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007775516113
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