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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen effusion from epitaxial ZnSe layers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 1556-1558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal outdiffusion of hydrogen from undoped ZnSe layers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy has been investigated. The samples were grown using dimethyl-zinc-triethylamine, di-tert.-butylselenide as precursors with hydrogen and nitrogen as carriergas. The typical atomic hydrogen concentrations of the samples is nH=1018 cm−3, which originates from pyrolysis products of the organometallic precursors. The incorporation from the carrier gas is negligible. Control samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy in the presence of atomic and molecular hydrogen in the growth chamber showed no hydrogen incorporation. The outdiffusion process was investigated using transient effusion experiments. The experiments are explained by diffusion controlled effusion with a diffusion coefficient of D(T)=1.4×10−11 exp[−0.33(±0.03) eV/(kBT)]cm2/s. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.122203
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’ (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 99-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: beneficial arthropods ; entomopathogenic fungi ; natural enemies ; parasitoids ; predators ; side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The side effect of 10 insecticides, 5 fungicides and 5 herbicides on 24 different species of beneficial organisms was tested by members of the Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms’ of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic Regional Section (WPRS). The tests were conducted by 32 members in 12 countries according to internationally approved guidelines. The microbial insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Delfin), B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Novodor) and Verticillium lecanii (Micro Germin), the fungicides cyproconazol (Alto), difenoconazol (Score), lecithin (Bioblatt Mehltau) and penconazol (Omnex), and the herbicides ethofumesat (Tramat), fluroxypyr (Starane), haloxyfop (Gallant), isoproturon (Arelon) and metamitron (Goltix) were harmless to nearly all the beneficial arthropods. The benzoylurea's teflubenzuron (Nomolt) and flufenoxuron (Cascade) affected predators such as anthocorids, earwigs, coccinellids and lacewings. The remaining preparations were more toxic and should therefore be further tested in semi-field and field experiments on relevant organisms. Most tested fungicides were toxic for the entomopathogenic fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009959009802
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative trials on the effects of two fungicides on a predatory mite in the laboratory and in the field (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: pesticide side effects ; laboratory glass plate test ; field test ; predatory mites ; Typhlodromus pyriScheuten ; mancozeb ; metiram ; extrapolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both laboratory tests with the open glass plate method of Louis & Ufer (1995) and a field study in a vineyard were carried out to test the side effects of the two fungicides, Dithane Ultra WG75 and Polyram Combi WG70, on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyriScheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). The effects of both fungicides in the residual contact test in the laboratory were more pronounced than the actual effects obtained in the field even after multiple application of the test products. The study results suggest, that for the selected test products the current laboratory guidelines correctly triggered the field test. Methodological problems of the laboratory test due to the repellent effect of the fungicides are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004192107205
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