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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and characteristics of the different astroglial cell types in the adult lizard (Lacerta lepida) spinal cord (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 567-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Astrocyte ; Radial astrocyte ; GFAP ; Electron microscopy ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The astroglial cells have been studied in the lizard spinal cord by means of metallic impregnations, immunohistochemical (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and ultrastructural methods. Three astroglial cell types have been immunohistochemically identified: ependymocytes, radial astrocytes and astrocytes. Transitional forms have also been observed. Scarce immunopositive ependymocytes were located in the dorsal and ventral regions of the ependyma. The radial astrocytic somata were located around the ependymal layer and their processes reached the subpial glia limitans. Typical astrocytes were the most abundant astroglial cell type; astrocytes located in the ventral horn showed a greater development than those of the dorsal horn. In the white matter, the astrocytes were large and their processes formed part of the subpial glia limitans; on some occasions, astrocytic cell bodies also formed part of this subpial limitans. Transitional elements between astrocytes and radial astrocytes were observed in both grey and white matter. The perivascular and subpial glia limitans were continuous and showed a strong immunoreactivity. The comparative analysis of our results in the lizard spinal cord with those in other vertebrate groups leads us to conclude that reptiles could represent the key group in the phylogenetic evolution of the astroglial cells in vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174628
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astroglial pattern in the spinal cord of the adult barbel (Barbus comiza) (1993)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 187 (1993), S. 385-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Astrocyte ; Ependymocyte ; Spinal cord Fish ; GFAP ; Vimentin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and the structural, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of the astroglial cells in the spinal cord of the adult barbel (Barbus comiza) have been studied by means of metallic impregnations (Golgi and gold-sublimate), immunohistochemical (GFAP and vimentin) and electron microscopic techniques. GFAP-positive cells were mainly distributed in the ependyma and in the periependymal region, but they have also been observed at subpial level in the anterior column. The ependymocytes were heterogeneous cells because they showed different immunohistochemical characteristics: GFAP-positive, vimentin-positive or non-immunoreactive cells. The radial astrocytes showed only GFAP immunoreactivity, and their processes ended at the subpial zone forming a continuous subpial glia limitans. Desmosomes and gap junctions between soniata and processes of radial astrocytes were numerous, and a relationship between radial astroglial processes and the nodes of Ranvier was also described. The perivascular glia limitans was poorly developed and it was not complete in the blood vessels of the periependymal zone; in this case, the basal lamina was highly developed. An important characteristic in the barbel spinal cord was the existence of a zone with an abundant extracellular space near the ependyma. The presence of radial astroglial somata at subpial level, the existence of vimentin-positive ependymocytes and the abundant extracellular space in the periependymal zone is discussed in relation to the regeneration capacity and the continuous growth showed by fish. Moreover, the abundance of gliofilaments and desmosomes leads us to suggest that mechanical support might be an important function for the astroglial cells in the barbel spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185897
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ammonium acetate on the somatostatinergic system in the rat frontoparietal cortex
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 14 (1993), S. 925-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Ammonium acetate ; Frontoparietal cortex ; N-Carbamyl-l-glutamate ; Rat ; Somatostatin receptors ; l-Arginine
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(93)90068-R
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ependyma: phylogenetic evolution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin expression in vertebrate spinal cord (1994)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 102 (1994), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic evolution was studied of both glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin expression in the ependyma of the adult vertebrate spinal cord. Eleven species from different vertebrate groups were examined using different fixatives and fixation procedures to demonstrate any differences in immunoreactivity. GFAP expression in the ependymal cells showed a clear inverse relation with phylogenetic evolution because it was more elevated in lower than in higher vertebrates. GFAP positive cells can be ependymocytes and tanycytes, although depending on their structural characteristics and distribution, the scarce GFAP positive ependymal cells in higher vertebrates may be tanycytes. Ependymal vimentin expression showed a species-dependent pattern instead of a phylogenetic pattern of expression. Vimentin positive ependymal cells were only found in fish and rats; in fish, they were tanycytes and were quite scarce, with only one or two cells per section being immunostained. However, in the rat spinal cord, all the ependymocytes showed positive immunostaining for vimentin. The importance of the immunohistochemical procedure, the cellular nature of GFAP positive ependymal cells and the relationship between tanycytes and ependymocytes are discussed, as well as GFAP and vimentin expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00269015
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High ammonia diet: Its effect on the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (1993)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 18 (1993), S. 971-975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: GFAP ; spinal cord ; ammonia ; hyperammonemia ; astroglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a recent hyperammonemic model, consisting of a high ammonia diet for 3, 7, 15, 45, and 90 days, on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the rat spinal cord and on blood ammonia levels has been studied. The high ammonia diet was prepared by mixing a standard diet with ammonium acetate (20% wt/wt); in addition, 5 mM of ammonium acetate was added to the water supply. GFAP contents were determined by means of immunoblotting analysis. The results demonstrated that this high ammonia diet model neither induces significant changes in GFAP immunoreactivity, nor modifies total protein concentration, and only induces significant blood hyperammonemic levels in the first days of treatment. An adaptative response to the diet is suggested and discussed to explain these results. A relation between ammonia and GFAP expression is suggested because transient hyperammonemia induces transient, although no significant, changes on GFAP expression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00966755
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase immunoreactivities in the supraoptic nucleus of portacaval shunted rats (1996)
    Springer
    Metabolic brain disease 11 (1996), S. 369-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Astrocyte ; GFAP ; GS ; glutamate ; portacaval shunt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether, and to what extent, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) expressions in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) could be modulated after one month and six months of portacaval shunting (PCS) in rats. GFAP and GS immunoreactivities were significantly higher in PCS rats than in control rats at one and six months. The increased GFAP and GS immunoreactivities observed in the SON astrocytes were directly related to the duration of PCS. In PCS rats, the number and length of both GFAP and GS immunopositive astroglial processes increased not only in the hypothalamic nucleus but in the perinuclear zone, where glutamatergic pathways have been described, whereas GFAP and GS expressions decreased in the ventral glial lamina. Since GS is one of the glutamate metabolizing enzymes and the SON is one of the areas of glutamatergic activity, our results show that astrocytes respond differentially to glutamate toxicity. This suggests that overexpression of GFAP and GS immunoreactivities could be associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02029497
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anti-tubulin immunohistochemistry study ofEchinococcus granulosus protoscolices incubated with albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide in vitro (1995)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 81 (1995), S. 438-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tubulin content was immunohistochemically studied inEchinococcus granulosus protoscolices incubated with albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide alone or in combination. Tubulin immunoreactivity was very patent in the control protoscolices and was mainly located in the sucker region and the invagination channel of protoscolices. Treated protoscolices always showed less immunoreactivity than did control protoscolices. We concluded that albendazole and its metabolite albendazole sulphoxide produce tubulin alterations inE. granulosus protoscolices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931507
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radial astrocytes and ependymocytes in the spinal cord of the adult toad (Bufo bufo L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astroglial cells ; Ependymocytes ; Spinal cord ; Immunohistochemistry ; Bufo bufo L. (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques have been used to demonstrate glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immuno-positive cells in the adult toad spinal cord. Two types of GFAP-immunoreactive cells were observed: ependymocytes and radial astrocytes. GFAP-positive ependymocytes were scarce and contained the immunoreactive product in their processes. They showed intermediate filaments in the basal pole and in their processes when studied with the electron microscope. These immuno-positive ependymocytes represent the tanycytic form of ependymal cells because their processes ended at the subpial zone. The radial astrocytes showed a more intensive immunoreactive product in somata and processes when they were located far away from the ependymal layer. Cell bodies and processes were also associated with blood vessels, but most of the processes ended at the subpial zone forming a continuous subpial glia limitans. The GFAP-positive processes, which form this subpial glia limitans in the toad spinal cord, belong to both tanycytic ependymocytes and radial astrocytes, whose somata are located in the grey matter. These findings lead us to suggest that both types of GFAP-immunopositive cells might be the functional equivalents of mammalian astrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318633
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