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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extra small virus-like particles (XSV) and nodavirus associated with whitish muscle disease in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A disease of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the giant freshwater prawn, farmed in China was recently recorded in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. The clinical sign of the disease, which develops in post-larvae (PL), is a whitish appearance of the muscles, particularly noticeable in the abdomen. Mortalities may reach 100% in some hatcheries. Investigations by transmission electron microscopy after negative staining of diseased PL homogenates showed the presence of two types of viral particles: one, unenveloped, icosahedral in shape, 26–27 nm in diameter, the second, much smaller, about 14–16 nm in diameter, designated extra small virus particle (XSV). The large virus has a genome with two pieces of ssRNA (RNA-1 and RNA-2), of 3 and 1.2 kb, respectively. Hybridization tests confirmed that this large virus is closely related to M. rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) which was isolated from diseased prawns in a hatchery in the French West Indies. Its very small size and hypothesized biochemical and biological characteristics suggest XSV is a new type of crustacean virus. As XSV has always been found associated with the larger virus (nodavirus) and is located in muscle and connective cells of diseased animals, it could be an autonomous virus, a helper-type virus or a satellite-like virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00486.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genome-based detection methods of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus, a pathogen of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: dot-blot, in situ hybridization and RT-PCR (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 26 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The availability of specific and rapid detection methods is essential for monitoring the health status of farmed species, particularly in viral diseases as in this case early diagnosis is a critical factor in containing disease outbreaks. Three complementary genome-based methods were developed for the detection of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), i.e. dot-blot hybridization, in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Detection limits were established for dot-blot hybridization and RT-PCR and are c. 7 fg and 8 pg of viral RNA, respectively. In situ hybridization indicated that infection was confined to the striated muscle tissue. As a result of its sensitivity, RT-PCR can be used for in-depth investigations to examine the extent of the viral infection and establish the onset of infection in hatcheries. The application of RT-PCR on samples collected from prawn farms in China showed the possible use of this method in routine health monitoring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00493.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, haemocytes infected by white spot syndrome virus (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a serious pathogen of aquatic crustaceans. Little is known about its transmission in vivo and the immune reaction of its hosts. In this study, the circulating haemocytes of crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, infected by WSSV, and primary haemocyte cultures inoculated with WSSV, were collected and observed by transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy following in situ hybridization. In ultra-thin sections of infected haemocytes, the enveloped virions were seen to be phagocytosed in the cytoplasm and no viral particles were observed in the nuclei. In situ hybridization with WSSV-specific probes also demonstrated that there were no specific positive signals present in the haemocytes. Conversely, strong specific positive signals showed that WSSV replicated in the nuclei of gill cells. As a control, the lymphoid organ of shrimp, Penaeus monodon, infected by WSSV was examined by in situ hybridization which showed that WSSV did not replicate within the tubules of the lymphoid organ. In contrast to previous studies, it is concluded that neither shrimp nor crayfish haemocytes support WSSV replication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00607.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous detection of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus by a single tube, one-step multiplex RT-PCR assay (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Post-larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii infected with white tail disease were collected from hatcheries and nursery ponds in India. The causative organisms have been identified as Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV). A one-step multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed to detect these viruses simultaneously in naturally and experimentally infected prawns. Several parameters were assayed in order to optimize the protocol for simultaneous detection. Naturally and experimentally infected prawns showed two prominent bands of 681 and 500 bp for MrNV and XSV, respectively, as in separate RT-PCR assays. Experimentally infected adult prawns showed two bands for these two viruses in all the organs, except hepatopancreas and eyestalk, as seen in normal RT-PCR. The sensitivity test carried out on the primer sets of MrNV and XSV revealed that these primers could simultaneously detect the two viruses at a level of 25 fg of total RNA prepared from infected samples using this multiplex RT-PCR protocol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00606.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new viral disease of the tiger shrimp, Penaeus japonicus Bate (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 10 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1987.tb00730.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An intranuclear bacilliform virus associated with near extirpation of Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet from the Nant watershed in Ardéche, France (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: White-clawed crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, were endemic to the Nant watershed, Ardéche, France, until they were extirpated by epizootic mortality at the beginning of the twentieth century. A. pallipes were successfully reintroduced to the Nant watershed in the middle of the twentieth century. However, epizootic mortality was observed in the Nant watershed in the summer of 2000 during which time A. pallipes was extirpated from downstream regions. Dead and moribund crayfish were again detected in several episodes in summer 2001 and by October the range of A. pallipes was reduced to the headwaters of just one of the three streams in the watershed. Water quality for the watershed in summer 2001 was appropriate for crayfish habitation. Bacteriology and mycology on A. pallipes collected during several of the mortality episodes in 2001 failed to reveal a cause. However, histopathology revealed a high occurrence of intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in hepatopancreatocytes of A. pallipes. The nuclei were hypertrophic and contained bacilliform virions consisting of a cylindrical nucleocapsid surrounded by a trilaminar envelope. Virions in section were approximately 63 × 258 nm and nucleocapsids were approximately 52 × 225 nm. It is unclear whether the intranuclear bacilliform virus was the cause of the mortality episodes or was a contributor to a disease complex involving one or several other undetected pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00395.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative WSSV infection routes in the shrimp genera Marsupenaeus and Palaemon (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00659.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gross signs and histopathology of branchiostegal blister disease (balloon disease): an idiopathic disease of farmed Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is facing increased threat due to disease as its culture becomes more widespread. A disease characterized by the swelling of the branchiostegal region and deformities of the appendages, named balloon disease by farmers, has caused considerable economic loss in the Nellore region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Clinical signs of diseased animals include a voluminous hypertrophy of some gill filaments and the inner area of the branchiostegite. By histology, hypertrophied areas at the level of the gill filaments or branchiostegite had an identical structure corresponding to a large cyst filled with a fluid containing a few free haemocytes, limited on one side by the cuticle and on the other by the subcuticular epithelial layer. Analysis of the diseased prawns did not reveal any pathogenic agent leading us to conclude that the disease is idiopathic, probably due to suboptimal water quality conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00653.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental infection of European crustaceans with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 24 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eight European marine and freshwater crustaceans were experimentally infected with diluted shrimp haemolymph infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Clinical signs of infection and mortalities of the animals were routinely recorded. Diagnosis was by direct transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DNA hybridization (dot-blot and in situ hybridization) using WSSV probes and by PCR using WSSV specific primers. High mortality rates were noted between 7 to 21 days post-infection for Liocarcinus depurator, Liocarcinus puber, Cancer pagurus, Astacus leptodactylus, Orconectes limosus, Palaemon adspersus and Scyllarus arctus. Mortality reached 100%, 1 week post-infection in P. adspersus. When infection was successful, direct TEM observation of haemolymph revealed characteristic viral particles of WSSV, some observed as complete virions (enveloped), others as nucleocapsids associated with envelope debris. WSSV probes showed strong positive reactions in dot-blots and by in situ hybridization in sections and specific virus DNA fragments were amplified successfully with WSSV primers. White spot syndrome virus was pathogenic for the majority of the crustaceans tested. This underlines the epizootic potential of this virus in European crustaceans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2001.00302.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) experimental infection of the freshwater crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2000.00232.x
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