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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Long QT syndrome ; Torsade de pointes ; Harvey Ras-1 gene ; Insertion/deletion ; Polymorphism ; Solid-phase sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS; MIM 192|500) frequently suffer from syncope and are threatened by sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias, typically of the torsade de pointes type. Initial progress in revealing the molecular basis of the disease was made by the observation of genetic linkage of the disease locus to the Harvey Ras-1 gene (HRAS 1) on chromosome 11p15.5. More recently loci on chromosomes 3, 4, and 7 have also been found to be linked to LQTS, thus demonstrating heterogeneity in the causes for this disease. The present study performed sequence analysis on the HRAS 1 gene in patients with congenital and acquired LQTS to determine the frequency of HRAS 1 mutations in patients with this disease. In neither group were no mutations identified in the coding regions or in the splice donor and acceptor sites. Alleles characterized by a T to C transition in exon 1 and an insertion/deletion polymorphism upstream of exon 1 showed no significant difference in their frequencies between LQTS patients and normal controls. No quantitative influence of the such characterized genotypes on the QT duration was observed. These results demonstrate that structural mutations in the HRAS 1 gene are not a frequent cause of LQTS. Also, since there was no association of different alleles at the HRAS 1 locus with changes in QT duration, it appears unlikely that this gene is a major contributor to this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology 2 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1542-474X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: During the last 10 years, the signal-averaged electrocardiographic (SAECG) method has been proposed for a growing amount of clinical applications. As a screening method for increased risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias it has demonstrated its value especially in risk stratification after myocardial infarction (Ml) and in the evaluation of patients with unexplained syncope. Its value in risk prediction is now also proven in patients treated with thrombolytic therapy.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsIn patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, the SAECG is helpful for detecting propensity to spontaneous ventricular tachycardia. P wave signal averaging has been demonstrated to identify patients with propensity to atrial arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation. Also, the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome can be enhanced using this method.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsSo far, the use of SAECG in other patient populations except coronary heart disease has been very limited. However, the results of the recent studies recommend the utilization of this technique also in children and in the elderly, adjusting the findings with the effects of body size and age on the SAECG.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionsThe SAECG has a definite independent role in improving the predictive accuracy of conventional risk-evaluation techniques in patients with Ml or cardiomyopathy. New patient populations like children and the elderly enlarge the number of patients benefiting of this method. New clinical applications of the SAECG method, such as detection of the propensity to atrial arrhythmias, ischemia and drug effects, are currently merging. Combining the time- and frequencydomain analysis of the SAECG with other methods relevant for the clinical problem is the way to optimize the use of this sophisticated noninvasive technique in clinical practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Psychosomatic Research 36 (1992), S. 723-729 
    ISSN: 0022-3999
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 88 (1999), S. 467-472 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Brugada-Brugada Syndrome – repolarization disorder – sudden cardiac death ; Schlüsselwörter Brugada-Brugtada-Syndrom – Repolarisationsstörung – plötzlicher Herztod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Brugada-Brugada-Syndrom ist ein anhand typischer EKG-Kriterien erkennbares rhythmologisches Krankheitsbild, welches familiär gehäuft zu Kammerflimmern oder Synkopen führt. Ein hoher ST-Strecken-Abgang mit zeltförmig deszendierendem Verlauf in den rechtspräkordialen Ableitungen, verbunden mit einem rechtsschenkelblockartig verbreiterten Kammerkomplex ist charakteristische für das Syndrom. Bei einer 47jährigen Patientin wurden während einer Enteritis mit begleitendem Kollaps rechtsventrikulär lokalisierte EKG-Veränderungen gesehen, jedoch primär nicht im Sinne eines Brugada-Brugada-Syndroms interpretiert. Erst nach “Wiedererkennen”ähnlicher EKG-Veränderungen wie bei der 47jährigen Patientin anläßlich eines Kongresses wurde die wegweisende Diagnostik eingeleitet. Präventiv erhielt die Patientin einen ICD.
    Notes: Summary The Brugada-Brugada syndrome is a rhythmologic disorder which can be diagnosed because of typical ECG criteria. A high-take off descending ST segment localized to the right chest leads, associated with right bundle branch block and ventricular fibrillation or syncopes are characteristic of the syndrome. ECG alterations in the right precordial leads were recorded in a 47 year old female patient who was admitted to hospital because of enteritis and associated syncope. The ECG alterations were initally not realized as Brugada-Brugada syndrome. Because of “recognizing” comparable ECG alterations during a congress lecture, the diagnosis was made. The patient was treated with an ICD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Kardiologie 88 (1999), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter QT-Syndrome – Tachyarrhythmien – Ionenkanäle – Gen-Mutationen – ventrikuläre Repolarisation ; Key words long-QT sydrome – tacharrhythmias – ion channel – gene mutation – ventricular repolarization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Our knowledge on the molecular genetics of inherited cardiac arrhythmias is very recent in comparison to the advances of genetics achieved in other inherited cardiac disorders. This is related to the high mortality and early disease onset of these arrhythmias resulting in mostly small nucleus families. Thus, traditional genetic linkage studies that are based on the genetic information obtained from large multi-generation families were made difficult. In 1991, the first chromosomal locus for congenital long-QT (LQT) syndrome was identified on chromosome 11p15.5 (LQT1 locus) by linkage analysis. Meanwhile, the disease-causing gene at the LQT1 locus (KCNQ1), a gene encoding a K+ channel subunit of the IKs channel, and three other, major genes, all encoding cardiac ion channel components, have been identified. Taken together, LQT syndrome turned out to be a heterogeneous channelopathy. Moreover, the power of linkage studies to reveal the genetic causes of the LQT syndrome was also important to identify unknown but fundamental channel components that contribute to the ion currents tuning ventricular repolarization. In-vitro-expression of the altered ion channel genes demonstrated in each case that the altered ion channel function produces prolongation of the action potential and thus the increasing propensity to ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Since these ion channels are pharmacological targets of many antiarrhythmic (and other) drugs, individual and potentially deleterious drug responses may be related to genetic variation in ion channel genes. Very recently, also in acquired LQT syndrome, which is a frequent clinical disorder in cardiology a genetic basis has been proposed in part since mutations in LQT genes have been specifically found. The discovery of ion channel defects in LQT syndrome represents the major achievement in our understanding and implies potential therpeutic options. The knowledge of the genomic structure of the LQT genes now offers the possibility to detect the underlying genetic defect in 80–90% of all patients. With this specific information, containing the type of ion channel (Na+ versus K+ channel) and electrophysiological alteratio n by the mutation (loss-of-function versus change-of-function mutation), gene-directed, elective drug therapies have been initiated in genotyped LQT patients. Based on preliminary data, that were supported by in vitro studies, this approach may be useful in recompensating the characteristic phenotypes in some LQT patients. Mutation detection is a new diagnostic tool which may become of more increasing importance in patients with a normal QTc or just a borderline prolongation of the QTc interval at presentation. These patients represent approximately 40% of all familial cases. Moreover, LQT3 syndrome and idiopathic ventricular fibrillation are allelic disorders and genetically overlap. In both mutations in the LQT3 gene SCN5A encoding the Na+ channel alpha-subunit for INa have been reported. Thus, the clinical nosology of inherited arrhythmias may be reconsidered after elucidation of the underlying molecular bases. Meanwhile, genotype-phenotype correlation in large families are on the way to evaluate intergene, interfamilial, and intrafamilial differences in the clinical phenotype reflecting gene specific, gene-site specific, and individual consequences of a given mutation. LQT syndrome is phenotypically heterogeneous due to the reduced penetrance and variable expressivity associated with the mutations. This paper discusses the current data on molecular genetics and genotype-phenotype correlations and the implications for diagnosis and treatment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Molekulargenetische Erkenntnisse bei angeborenen Herzrhythmusstörungen wurden, im Vergleich beispielsweise zu den familiären Kardiomyopathien, relativ spät bekannt, was zu einem Teil auf eine hohe Sterblichkeit und einen frühzeitigen Krankheitsbeginn dieser Erkrankungen zurückzuführen ist. Die Durchführung von genetischen Kopplungsanalysen, für die große Familien mit vielen Merkmalsträgern notwendig sind, war zunächst erschwert. 1991 wurde erstmals ein Genort auf dem Chromosom 11p15.5 beschrieben, der mit angeborenem QT-Syndrom assoziiert ist. Das ursächliche Gen KCNQ1, das eine Untereinheit eines Kaliumkanals kodiert, wurde erst 1996 identifiziert. Ferner wurden vier weitere Genloci für QT-Syndrom beschrieben und an drei von vier Mutationen in Genen, die Ionenkanaluntereinheiten kodieren, identifiziert. Zusammenfassend ist das QT-Syndrom eine genetisch heterogene Krankheit kardialer Ionenkanäle. Die Kenntnis der verursachenden Gene für QT-Syndrom hat außerdem zur Identifizierung wichtiger Komponenten geführt, die Ionenströme regulieren und an der Repolarisation beteiligt sind. Mittels In-vitro-Expression wurde gezeigt, daß die strukturell veränderten Ionenkanäle entweder eine Reduktion des Kaliumstromes I (K) während der Phase III des Aktionspotentials oder einen veränderten Natriumstrom während der Phase 0 bedingen. Mittlerweile ist die genomische Struktur der vier LQT-Gene fast vollständig bekannt; Mutationsdetektion mittels SSCP-Analysen und anschließender Sequenzierung hat das diagnostische Spektrum für diese Erkrankung erweitert und ist besonders bei der Diagnosestellung von Patienten, die keine eindeutigen EKG-Veränderungen haben, hilfreich. Die Kenntnis der krankheitsursächlichen Mutation ermöglicht eine präsymptomatische Diagnostik innerhalb einer betroffenen Familie. Derzeit werden Genotyp-Phänotyp-Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um die Penetranz und klinische Expressivität der Erkrankung zu bestimmen und weiteren Aufschlußüber inter- und intrafamiliäre Unterschiede in der Krankheitsmanifestation zu bekommen. In diesem Kapitel wird der jetzige Stand der Molekulargenetik, Elektrophysiologie und klinischen, genotypbezogenen Untersuchungen dargestellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Arrhythmias – ion channels – ionic currents – genes – long QT syndrome – atrial fibrillation – heart failure ; Schlüsselwörter Arrhythmien – Ionenkanäle – Ionenströme – Gene – kongenitales QT-Syndrom – Vorhofflimmern – Herzinsuffizienz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die moderne Krankheitsursachenforschung wird in wachsendem Ausmaß von den technischen Möglichkeiten der molekularen Biologie und Genetik bestimmt. Auch die Rhythmologie ist von dieser Entwicklung nicht unbeeinflusst geblieben. Ganz im Vordergrund des aktuellen Interesses stehen die Ionenkanäle. Die Verfügbarkeit neuer molekulargenetischer Techniken hat dazu geführt, dass wir heute den Aufbau, die Funktion und die Regulationsmechanismen von Ionenkanälen und ihre Bedeutung für die Arrhythmogenese viel besser verstehen als noch vor wenigen Jahren. Die in den letzten Jahren gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sind jedoch nicht nur hinsichtlich der Mechanismen und der Pathogenese von Rhythmusstörungen von Interesse. Es ist anzunehmen, dass sie in den nächsten Jahren in zunehmend stärkerem Maße auch die Diagnostik bei Herzrhythmusstörungen und unser therapeutisches Handeln beeinflussen werden.
    Notes: Summary Recent advances in molecular biology have had a major impact on our understanding of the mechanisms of human diseases. Electrophysiology is one of the areas which, besides others, has substantially benefited from this development. Our understanding of the structure, function and mechanisms of the regulation of ion channels as well as their contribution to the pathogenesis of caridac arrhythmias has substantially increased. The results of these studies are not only of special interest from the scientific point of view. It is likely to assume that, in the future, they will increasingly influeince the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-1285
    Keywords: Key words Long-QT syndrome – Brugada syndrome – tachyarrhythmias – ion channel – gene mutation – ventricular repolarization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The molecular genetic background of inherited cardiac arrhythmias has only recently been uncovered. This late development in comparison to other inherited cardiac disorders has partly been due to the high mortality and early disease onset of these arrhythmias resulting in mostly small nucleus families. Thus, traditional genetic linkage studies, which are based on the genetic information obtained from large multi-generation families, were made difficult. Inherited arrhythmogenic disorders can be divided into ‘primary electrical disorders’ (e.g., long-QT [LQT] syndrome) in which a detectable, organic heart disease is not evident, and into inherited diseases of the myocardial structure (e.g., hypertrophic cardiomyopathies) in which the arrhythmias occur combined with the structural alterations. To date, all inherited arrhythmogenic disorders in which the causative genes have been identified turned out to be channelopathies, since the genes encode channel subunits that regulate important ion currents that tune the cardiac action potential. The discovery of the genetic bases of the LQT syndrome became a now methodologic paradigm; because with the use of ‘classical’ genetic linkage strategies (named [positional] candidate strategies) not only the causative genes have been found, but moreover, functional components with a previously unknown but fundamental role for a normal repolarization process were discovered. Disease mutations turned out to be not only a family-specific event with a distinct phenotype and the potential of an additional diagnostic tool, but also, when expressed in heterologous expression systems, characterize the defective ion channel in a topological way and lead to a more specific understanding of ion channel function. Most, if not all, primary electrical cardiac disorders show a high genetic diversity. For the LQT syndromes, sixth disease loci and the responsible gene have been recently discovered (socalled locus or genetic heterogeneity). Within all disease genes, the mutations are spread over the entire gene (allelic heterogeneity); in addition, more than one disease mutation may be present. This complexity requires, at least, complete mutation analysis of all LQT genes before medical advice should be given. Meanwhile, genotype-phenotype correlations in large families are being used to evaluate intergene, interfamilial and intrafamilial differences in the clinical phenotype, reflecting gene specific, gene-site specific and individual consequences of a given mutation. A widespread phenotypic heterogenity even within mutation carriers in the same family raises the importance of modifying factors and genes that are mostly unknown to date. The reduced penetrance and variable expressivity associated with the LQT mutations remain still to be explained. First insights into the complex actions of mutations are being extracted, from expression data; these preliminary results may lead to potential implications for a specific (gene-site directed) therapy. This paper discusses the current data on molecular genetics and genotype-phenotype correlations in LQT syndrome and related disorders and the potential implications for diagnosis and treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine single photon emission tomography ; Arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease ; Cardiac sympathetic nerve system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease (ARVD) is a disease of unknown origin that primarily affects the right ventricle and is characterized by ventricular tachyarrhythmias which may lead to syncope and even, though rarely, sudden cardiac death. In 25 patients with ARVD, sympathetic innervation of the left ventricle was assessed by iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine single photon emission tomography (1231-MIBG SPET). In addition, thallium-201 SPET was performed. The diagnosis of ARVD was made by an electrophysiological study and right and left heart catheterization including right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. Ischaemic heart disease was excluded by coronary angiography. A group of seven patients without any evidence of heart disease served as a control group. Twenty-two of the 25 patients showed reduced uptake of 123I-MIBG. The abnormal areas were located predominantly in posterior and posteroseptal segments of the heart. No focus of increased 123I-MIBG activity could be demonstrated. No patient had signs of left ventricular involvement on left ventricular angiography. In contrast to the results of the 123I-MIBG SPET, those of 201TI SPET were normal in 16 patients. The remaining nine patients showed areas of slight hypoperfusion not correlated with the reduced 123I-MIBG uptake. 123I-MIBG scintigraphy allows detection of left ventricular adrenergic dysinnervation in ARVD patients without morphological or functional abnormalities of the left ventricle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Internist 39 (1998), S. 720-727 
    ISSN: 1432-1289
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Akuter Herztod ; Kammertachykardie ; PTCA ; ACVB-Operation ; Implantierbarer Kardioverter-Defibrillator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zum Thema In etwa der Hälfte der Betroffenen ist der plötzliche Herztod die gänzlich unerwartete Erstmanifestation einer koronaren Herzkrankheit, in der anderen Hälfte des Patientengutes wird über prodromale Symptome geklagt (nach unterschiedlichen Angaben in 30–50%). Das Belastungs-EKG ist unter diagnostischen Gesichtspunkten im Hinblick auf das Risiko einer Kammertachykardie wenig aussagefähig, schon eher das Langzeit-EKG, aber auch das nur begrenzt; allerdings kommt es auf die Art der dokumentierten ventrikulären Tachyarrhythmie an. Gegenüber den EKG-Untersuchungen haben linksventrikuäre Funktion, Koronarstatus, elektrophysiologische und metabolische Untersuchungen eine wesentlich größere Aus- sagekraft. Aus den verschiedenen diagnostischen Resultaten ergeben sich differenzierte therapeutische Konsequenzen. Diagnostik und antiischämische therapeutische Interventionen stehen im Mittelpunkt dieser Übersicht, in deren Anfangsteil Epidemiologie, pathologisch-anatomische Grundlagen sowie pathophysiologische Mechaniksmen von Herzrhythmusstörungen erläutert werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Jervell Lange-Nielsen syndrome (JLNS) is a recessive disorder with congenital deafness and long-QT syndrome (LQTS). Mutations in the potassium-channel gene KVLQT1 (LQTS 1) have been identified in JLNS and in autosomal-dominant LQTS as well. We performed haplotype analysis with microsatellite markers in a Lebanese family with JLNS, but failed to detect linkage at LQTS 1. Moreover, using this approach, we excluded two other ion-channel genes involved in autosomal-dominant LQTS, HERG (LQTS 2) and SCN5A (LQTS 3). Our findings indicate that JLNS is genetically heterogeneous and that, in this family, an unknown LQTS gene causes the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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