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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Meningioma ; Hyaline inclusion ; Secretory component ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three meningotheliomatous meningiomas showed prominent formation of hyaline inclusions (pseudopsammoma bodies). Immunocytochemical examination by means of indirect immunofluorescence and PAP techniques demonstrated strong labeling of these inclusions by antisera to human secretory component (SC), immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM. A similar staining pattern was found in intracytoplasmic globules of a metastatic carcinoma. Hyaline structures of various types in atypical, psammomatous, and hemangiopericytic meningiomas were not stained with the antisera employed. By histochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural criteria, pseudopsammoma bodies in meningiomas are identical with intracytoplasmic inclusions of some epithelial neoplasms, especially of mammary and gastric carcinomas. Our study strongly corroborates Kepes' (1961, 1975) concept of secretory differentiation in meningiomas, and demonstrates an epithelial character at least of some meningiomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: GFAP ; Glioma ; Immuno-cytochemistry ; Microenvironment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 80 specimens of human glioma the production of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by tumour cells invading meninges or connective tissue was studied immuno-cytochemically by the PAP technique. In 38 of 55 cases of astrocytoma, glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, and oligoastrocytoma, GFAP immuno-reactivity was greater in the invading cells as compared with the main part of the neoplasm. Fifty-eight percent of the astroglial tumours invading the leptomeninges, all astroglial tumours invading connective tissue and all gliosarcomas showed enhanced GFAP immuno-reactivity of tumour cells getting in contact with collagenous tissue, whereas meningeal infiltrates of 25 non-astroglial tumours (oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma) remained GFAP-negative like the main part of the respective tumours. In the majority of astroglial tumours an increase of GFAP immunoreactivity was found also in perivascular cells of the main part of the tumour. It is concluded that glioma cells are capable of adapting their cytoskeleton to their micro-environment. Contact with dense collagenous tissue appears as an important factor able to induce an increased production of GFAP by adjacent glial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 71 (1986), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Malignant lymphoma ; Fibronectin ; Factor VIII-related antigen ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Amyloid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relation of lymphoma cells to gliomesenchymal stroma within nervous tissue was studied by peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunostaining of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical specimens for fibronectin (FN), factor VIII-related antigen and glial fibrillary acidic protein in 17 malignant non-Hodgkin lymphomas of the brain. For comparison, 9 non-Hodgkin lymphomas, 6 Hodgkin lymphomas, and 19 plasmacytomas of the spinal or cranial epidural spaces were studied with the same methods. Lymphoma cells were consistently negative for all markers. All lymphomas of the brain showed conspicuous concentric perivascular circles of immunoreactivity for FN in parts infiltrating brain tissue. Such structures are considered to derive from splitting of basal laminae of preexisting brain vessels; they were not seen in tumors of the epidural space. Cells with conspicuous FN content were found in brain as well as in epidural lymphomas. A monohistiocytic origin of those cells was confirmed by presence of monohistiocytic markers lysozyme and α-1-antichymotrypsin. Thus, additional immunostaining for FN seems to be useful for detecting monohistiocytes/macrophages in brain tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 225-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ; AIDS ; Viral pathogenesis ; Encephalitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Significant contributions from many different groups during the last 2 or 3 years have characterized relatively uniform neuropathological changes of the CNS in AIDS patients. They feature human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced multinucleated giant cells as a histopathological hallmark and HIV demonstrable by electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and in situ hyridization. Unfortunately, a varying and confusing terminology is used to designate these changes which have been reported in surprisingly different incidences. Focal lesions have a microgranulomatous appearance and were designated as multifocal giant cell encephalitis or subacute encephalitis, which may be confused with the nodular encephalitis caused by cytomegalovirus. For some authors, the latter designation also covers characteristic diffuse white matter changes which have been termed progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy by others, and which may overlap with focal lesions. Pathological features of these HIV-induced syndromes and other data do not support a major cytopathic effect of HIV on neural cells; rather, they suggest secondary pathogenetic events involving the predominant cell type in the lesion, the monocyte/macrophage/microglia. However, low-level, latent, and persisting HIV infections of neural cells cannot be excluded at present; the CNS may then serve as an early infected virus reservoir. A detailed correlation of clinical symptoms and stage of the infection to neuropathological changes is currently lacking but urgently needed. The presence of the HIV-receptor (CD4) molecule on brain cells is controversial; similarly, a putative cross-reaction of HIV proteins with trophic substances and transmitters needs to be substantiated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Macrophage ; Microglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Frequency, cellular tropism and relation to pathology of productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in human central nervous system (CNS) were studied. Serial sections of formolfixed and paraffin-embedded CNS tissues from 70 patients (69 with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS) were immunolabeled with monoclonal antibodies against HIV antigens (Ags) p17, p24, and gp41. Additional and double (immuno)stains were used to identify cell types and opportunistic infectious agents. HIV Ags were detected in 52 cases; they were restricted to cells with characteristics of microglia or macrophages. Anti-gp41, anti-p24, and anti-p17 labeled 50, 33, and 15 cases, respectively. Immunoreactivity for core proteins predominated in mature macrophages and microglia of fully developed lesions; additional immunoreactivity for gp41 was seen in microglia adjacent to, or unassociated with, histopathological lesions. Multifocal and/or diffuse lesions previously suggested as HIV induced because of characteristic histopathology, consistently contained large numbers of cells with HIV Ags (33 cases), confirming their HIV specificity. Isolated labeled microglia without associated pathology, found in seven brains, presumably represent the earliest stage of productive CNS infection by HIV. Lesions of opportunistic infections contained no (34 cases), few (16 cases), or many (4 cases) cells with HIV Ags. These data do not suggest transactivation of local HIV production by opportunistic agents as a frequent event in vivo. Development of specific HIV histopathology appears correlated with the number of productively infected cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus ; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; Encephalopathy ; Cortical atrophy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 25-year-old homosexual AIDS patient presented with progressive cognitive, motor and behavioral disturbances consistent with HIV encephalopathy. CT scans demonstrated progressive diffuse brain atrophy. Neuropathology showed predominant cortical changes including severe neuronal loss corroborated by morphometry. Only minimal changes were found in the white matter and basal ganglia. Immunocytochemistry for HIV stained occasional microglial cells more markedly in the cerebral cortex. This suggests that HIV infection of the brain may cause predominant cortical nerve cell loss, and that HIV encephalopathy is not necessarily due to white matter lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyloid ; Microglia ; Prion diseases ; Spongiform encephalopathies ; Gerstmann-Sträussler ; Scheinker syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The microglial cell has been demonstrated as component of the cerebral amyloid plaque of Alzheimer's disease. Involvement of microglia in plaques of another cerebral amyloidosis, the Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), has found little attention. We examine here the presence of microglia in GSS plaques by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Paraffin sections from five brains of patients with GSS were immunolabelled with antibodies against prion protein, A4/β amyloid protein, ferritin, leukocyte common antigen, HLA-DR, CD 68, and the MAC387 epitope for microglia and monocytes/macrophages; microglia was also labelled with the Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 lectin. Such (immuno)labelling demonstrated many delicate cell processes and occasional somata within and around prion protein plaques in all GSS brains. Microglial immunoreactivity was strongest with anti-ferritin and variable with anti-macrophage antibodies. Ultrastructural examination of brain tissue from one autopsy and one biopsy of GSS identified microglial cells in close proximity of amyloid plaque fibrils. Our observations demonstrate microglia as an important component of the amyloid plaque in GSS and suggest a major role for microglia in processing and deposition, or at least organization, of prion protein amyloid. Thus, plaques in both transmissible and nontransmissible cerebral amyloidoses seem to develop via similar pathogenetic mechanisms, irrespective of differences in etiology and molecular composition of the amyloid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 52-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Measles virus ; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunoelectron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a retrospective study of 42 cases with a histopathologic diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) or similar panencephalitic processes, measles virus antigen was traced by means of indirect immunofluorescence (IF) and peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques on protease-pretreated histological sections from formol-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain biopsy or autopsy tissue, stored for up to 32 years. Measles virus antigen was detected in 28 brains which were thus definitely diagnosed as SSPE or in one case as subacute measles encephalitis under immunosuppression. These cases were divided into three groups: group A, nine brains with excessive antigen amounts; group B, seven cases with a patchy distribution of a moderate number of antigen-containing cells; and group C, twelve cases with very few scattered reacting cells. Patients with excessive antigen amounts usually died at an earlier age and after a shorter course than cases with very few antigen-containing cells. An adult onset (beyond 20 years) was seen in five patients. The brain of a 5-day-old baby born to an SSPE mother did not contain any measles virus antigen. Complement fixing measles serum antibody titers were negative or low in four patients with measles virus antigen in the brain. Most of the cases found to be negative for measles virus antigen in the brain did not show clinical and/or histopathologic features of typical SSPE, including cases with a “pseudosystemic” lesion pattern. Measles virus antigen was found almost selectively in cytoplasm, nuclei, and processes of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, of large brain stem neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Protease pretreatment of the sections was important for best visualization of prominent dendritic involvement which was also confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy in one case. Apical dendrites of pyramidal cells were filled by viral antigen up to the upper cortical layers. Mononuclear cells in leptomeningeal and perivascular infiltrates and astrocytes rarely contained measles virus antigen. In contrast, IgG deposition was found mainly in astrocytes and mononuclear cells. Measles antigen production in most or all oligodendrocytes of a given area was not necessarily combined with demyelination in this area, especially in cases of short clinical duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; Leukoencephalopathy ; Cytomegalovirus ; Papovavirus ; HTLV-III/LAV
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two adult patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) presented with psychoorganic symptoms produced by an extensive cerebral and cerebellar leukoencephalopathy. Diffuse loss of myelin and axons with reactive astrocytosis and distinctive multinucleated giant cells were prominent in the deep white matter, but less so in the subcortical white matter and in compact myelinated pathways. Bilateral involvement of the centrum semiovale produced distal Wallerian degeneration of the descending pyramidal tracts, which in one patient correlated with progressive paraparesis and bladder dysfunction. Although there were morphological indications of cytomegalovirus infection and immunohistochemical evidence of papovavirus antigens, the neuropathology did not resemble that usually associated with infection by these opportunistic agents. The possibility is entertained that the progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy (PDL) in these patients was directly related to infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-III/LAV), the etiologic agent of AIDS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; HTLV-III ; Retrovirus ; Giant cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) were found in the brains of two patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), but were absent in five other AIDS brains. In one case there was a distinctive distribution of MGCs in disseminafed clusters; damage of brain parenchyma was minor or absent. In another case, MGCs were restricted largely to the perivascular spaces and were accompanied by lesions of toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infection. In paraffin sections, morphological and histochemical-staining characteristics of MGCs were similar to those of macrophages. Occasional immunolabeling of MGCs with monoclonal antibody to leukocyte common antigen suggested a hematogenous origin. MGCs were not stained by immunocytochemistry for neural markers glial fibrillary acidic protein, S 100 protein, neurofilament proteins, neuron specific enolase, and myelin basic protein and, therefore, appear unlikely to originate from the neuroepithelium. In the absence of evidence of other infections in case 1, the peculiar tissue reaction found could be a direct result of infection by the AIDS retrovirus. The formation of MGCs is likely to represent a cytopathic effect of the virus on lymphoid or mono-histiocytic cells infiltrating the brain (infection of these cells could occur before or after they entered the brain). These assumptions are supported by the finding of similar MGCs in permissive lymphoid cell cultures after infection with the AIDS retrovirus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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