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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silver nanoclusters formation in ion-exchanged waveguides by annealing in hydrogen atmosphere (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 403-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.70 ; 61.46. + w ; 68.55.Ln
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Light waveguides containing silver, introduced by ion-exchange process in soda-lime glass, has been annealed in hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures in the 120–250°C range. Annealings cause a near-surface precipitation of metallic silver to form nanometer-size clusters with good uniformity in size and spatial distribution. Hydrogen permeation and ion-exchange between hydrogen and sodium (which remains in the glass matrix after silver-for-sodium exchange) are steps of the annealing process. A further step is the diffusion of silver ions towards the surface, and its eventual precipitation, with an activation energy close to that measured for silver-sodium interdiffusion in glasses of comparable composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01567335
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Silver nanoclusters formation in ion-exchanged waveguides by annealing in hydrogen atmosphere (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 403-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: PACS: 42.70; 61.46.+w; 68.55.Ln
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  Light waveguides containing silver, introduced by ion-exchange process in soda-lime glass, has been annealed in hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures in the 120–250 °C range. Annealings cause a near-surface precipitation of metallic silver to form nanometer-size clusters with good uniformity in size and spatial distribution. Hydrogen permeation and ion-exchange between hydrogen and sodium (which remains in the glass matrix after silver-for-sodium exchange) are steps of the annealing process. A further step is the diffusion of silver ions towards the surface, and its eventual precipitation, with an activation energy close to that measured for silver-sodium interdiffusion in glasses of comparable composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390050407
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erbium doping of LiNbO3 by the ion exchange process (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 72 (1998), S. 3431-3433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Erbium-doped LiNbO3 slides are fabricated by the ion exchange process. Compositional in-depth profiles of the species involved in the exchange are obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Spectroscopic properties of Er3+ ions in the matrix are determined by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Structural and spectroscopic analyses suggest the formation of two different microstructures in the exchanged region. The potential of ion exchange for a controlled doping of LiNbO3 is outlined. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121656
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of binding energies of various components in bismuth-based cuprate superconductors through secondary ion mass spectrometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Surface analysis of bismuth-based high-Tc superconductors, like Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) and Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ (Bi-2223) has been carried out by secondary ion mass spectrometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The results have been compared with that of similar measurements on Bi2O3, CuO, and CaCO3 samples so as to have detailed information about the surface binding energy as well as the chemical nature of the various individual components that exist inside these high-Tc compounds. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359327
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A secondary-ion-mass spectrometry study of magnesium diffusion in lithium niobate (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 7552-7558 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A detailed study of magnesium indiffusion in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal is presented. The aim of the work was to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the diffusion process as a function of film thickness, temperature, diffusion time, crystal cut-direction. The secondary-ion-mass spectrometry technique was employed to obtain magnesium concentration depth profiles. Our results show that the strongest factor that controls the diffusion process is the temperature. A noticeable increase of the diffusion coefficient is observed with increasing temperature. The diffusion time has a small effect on the diffusion coefficient, but if the former is less than a certain value, the deposited MgO film does not diffuse completely. On the other hand, if it is quite long it will enter into the annealing regime. Diffusion parameters to realize buried waveguides (which reduce the coupling loss between single-mode fibers and diffused waveguides) have also been derived. The present studies could be important in consideration of the synthesis of LiNbO3 optical devices with improved optical qualities. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357988
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secondary-ion-mass spectrometry and near-field studies of Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 5345-5350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Secondary-ion-mass spectrometry (SIMS) and near-field (NF) methods have been applied to study Ti:LiNbO3 optical waveguides. Ti concentration as a function of diffusion process parameters has been studied by the SIMS method. The main determining factors that were found to affect the depth-diffusion behavior of titanium in LiNbO3 slab waveguides are the initial thickness of the dopant film and the diffusion temperature. Anisotropy in the diffusion rate for Xand has been applied to the refractive index profile reconstruction for single-mode optical channel waveguides. A sharp change in the index at the air–guide interface has been observed, as expected. The dependence of refractive index change on Ti concentration has been found to be nonlinear, such as quadratic, approximately. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359713
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization and optimization of Ti-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguides by second diffusion of magnesium (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mg diffusion in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 (Ti/Mg:LiNbO3) optical waveguides has been studied. Secondary ion mass spectrometry has been used to obtain Ti/Mg dopant concentration profiles. Comparison of the diffusion behavior of Mg in pure LiNbO3 and titanium-diffused LiNbO3 (Ti:LiNbO3) has been made. A numerical study, based on semivectorial finite difference method to determine the coupling loss between single-mode fibers and Ti/Mg:LiNbO3 optical waveguides has been performed. It has been demonstrated that the use of Mg can reduce the asymmetry-induced coupling loss to almost zero. A method that predicts the best relative position of the fiber axis with respect to the surface of Ti/Mg:LiNbO3 waveguides has been presented. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360650
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N and Ar ion-implantation effects in SiO2 films on Si single-crystal substrates (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 3528-3536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The chemistry of an argon-ion-irradiated interface between an amorphous silicon dioxide film and a silicon single-crystal substrate was studied by determining the kind and depth distribution of compounds formed after nitrogen implantation at a depth more shallow than the SiO2 film thickness. With this study we intended to obtain some insight into the chemical and physical processes involved in the formation of silicon oxynitrides in silica as a consequence of nitrogen ion implantations. Samples were mainly characterized by x-ray photoelectron and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies. Scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, nuclear reaction analysis, and secondary-ion mass spectrometry techniques were also used to complete the set of results. The experimental evidences are consistent with a picture of an argon-induced radiation damage in terms of Si—O and Si—Si bond breaking in the SiO2 and in the silicon substrate regions, respectively. The subsequently implanted nitrogen atoms are drawn toward the interface by a chemical driving force, and there interact with unsaturated silicon bonds to produce SiOxNy or SiNz compounds. The formation of a large amount of these compounds at the interface is responsible for very rough surface morphological features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349248
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between optical and compositional properties of Ti:LiNbO3 channel optical waveguides (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 1007-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Optical, compositional, and structural characterization of titanium-diffused LiNbO3 channel waveguides has been performed. The refractive index profiles have been reconstructed from near field measurements using a well-adapted mathematical approximation. Crystal lattice deformations have been measured by x-ray diffraction. Titanium concentration profiles measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry have been correlated to the refractive index profiles. The correlation between compositional, structural, and optical properties is discussed. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371972
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental study of copper–alkali ion exchange in glass (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998), S. 1200-1206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Copper–alkali ion exchange was performed by immersing different silicate glasses (soda-lime and BK7) in different molten eutectic salt baths (CuSO4:Na2SO4 and CuSO4:K2SO4). The obtained optical waveguides were characterized by m-lines spectroscopy for the determination of refractive index profiles, and by secondary ion mass spectrometry for the concentration profiles of the ion species involved in the exchange process. The different oxidation states of copper inside the glass structure were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance and x-ray absorption techniques. Interdiffusion copper coefficients were also determined. The Cu–alkali exchange was observed to give rise to local structural rearrangement of the atoms in the glass matrix. The Cu+ ion was found to mainly govern the exchange process, while competition between Cu–Na and K–Na exchanges occurred when a potassium sulfate bath was used. In this case, significant waveguide modal birefringence was observed. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366816
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