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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial Biomass and Community Structure in a Sequence of Soils with Increasing Fertility and Changing Land Use (2000)
    Springer
    Microbial ecology 40 (2000), S. 223-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-184X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The microbial biomass and community structure of eight Chinese red soils with different fertility and land use history was investigated. Two community based microbiological measurements, namely, community level physiological profiling (CLPP) using Biolog sole C source utilization tests and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, were used to investigate the microbial ecology of these soils and to determine how land use alters microbial community structure. Microbial biomass-C and total PLFAs were closely correlated to organic carbon and total nitrogen, indicating that these soil microbial measures are potentially good indices of soil fertility in these highly weathered soils. Metabolic quotients and C source utilization were not correlated with organic carbon or microbial biomass. Multivariate analysis of sole carbon source utilization patterns and PLFAs demonstrated that land use history and plant cover type had a significant impact on microbial community structure. PLFAs showed these differences more than CLPP methods. Consequently, PLFA analysis was a better method for assessing broad-spectrum community differences and at the same time attempting to correlate changes with soil fertility. Soils from tea orchards were particularly distinctive in their CLPP. A modified CLPP method, using absorbance readings at 405 nm and different culture media at pH values of 4.7 and 7.0, showed that the discrimination obtained can be influenced by the culture conditions. This method was used to show that the distinctive microbial community structure in tea orchard soils was not, however, due to differences in pH alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002480000053
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on temporal and spatial variation of mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass in a silvopastoral system (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Excreta ; Fertiliser ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen ; Silvopastoral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a field study to assess the effect of increasing the frequency of split applications of N fertiliser on the pattern of plant uptake, soil N availability, and microbial biomass C and N. Measurements were taken during the growing season in different positions relative to young trees (Prunus avium L.) in an upland silvopastoral system in its first year after establishment. At fertiliser rates of 72 and 144 kg ha-1 N applied as NH4NO3, increasing the number of split applications increased N uptake by the pasture. Mineral forms of soil N measured 2 weeks after application indicated that residual NH inf4 sup+ -N and total mineral N were also greater in this treatment on certain dates. Soil NO inf3 sup- -N was positively correlated with the soil moisture content, and nitrification reached a maximum in early May and declined rapidly thereafter except within the herbicide-treated areas around the trees where soil moisture had been conserved. Results of the study suggest that high NO inf3 sup- -N in herbicide-treated areas was probably caused by mineralisation of grass residues and low uptake by the tree rather than by preferential urine excretion by sheep sheltering beside the trees. Mean microbial biomass C and N values of 894 and 213 kg ha-1, respectively, were obtained. Microbial C was slightly increased by the higher frequency of split applications at 144 kg ha-1 N and was probably related to the greater herbage production with this treatment. Microbial N was not significantly affected by the N treatments. Both microbial biomass C and N increased during the growing season, resulting in the net immobilisation of at least 45 kg ha-1 N which was later released during the autumn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336156
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between atmospheric CO2 concentration and phosphorus nutrition on the formation of proteoid roots in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 25 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Atmospheric [CO2] affects photosynthesis and therefore should affect the supply of carbon to roots. To evaluate interactions between carbon supply and nutrient acquisition, the [CO2] effects on root growth, proteoid root formation and phosphorus (P) uptake capacity were studied in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) grown hydroponically at 200, 410 and 750 µmol mol−1 CO2, under sufficient (0·25 mm P) and deficient (0·69 µm P) phosphorus. Plant size increased with increasing [CO2] only at high P. Both P deficiency and increasing [CO2] increased the production of proteoid clusters; the increase in response to increased [CO2] was proportionally greater from low to ambient [CO2] than from ambient to high. The activity of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase in the proteoid root, the exudation of organic acids from the roots, and the specific uptake of P increased with P deficiency, but were unaffected by [CO2]. Increasing [CO2] from Pleistocene levels to those predicted for the next century increased plant size and allocation to proteoid roots, but did not change the specific P uptake capacity per unit root mass. Hence, rising [CO2] should promote nutrient uptake by allowing lupins to mine greater volumes of soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00883.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manual recording of minirhizotron data and its application to study the effect of herbicide and nitrogen fertiliser on tree and pasture root growth in a silvopastoral system (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 26 (1994), S. 75-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: borescope ; competition ; herbicide ; minirhizotron ; pasture ; Prunus avium ; silvopastoral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of a simple counting method using a borescope and minirhizotron system to study the interaction of roots of wild cherry trees (Prunus avium L) and pasture in an upland silvopastoral system is described. Operator variation was greatest when distinguishing different tree root categories (e.g. white, brown, woody) but was not significant in relation to total tree or grass root counts or species differences. Analysis of covariance was used to take these differences into account in a field trial using several operators. The seasonal patterns of tree and pasture root growth were different. Tree roots peaked in May before maximal shoot growth. The peak in pasture roots occurred two weeks earlier. Tree height growth was increased by the use of herbicides to control grass growth but this effect was only apparent during August when the soil was dry and when pasture root counts were reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707007
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil physical factors affecting the growth of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in a silvopastoral system on a stony upland soil in North-East Scotland (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: root growth ; soil compaction ; aeration ; soil strength ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree growth and soil physical properties were compared on two grazed plots planted with sycamore at 5 and 10 m square spacing on an upland Scottish site. Both plots received fertilizer and stocking density of ewes and lambs was adjusted to maintain a constant sward height. Mean tree height in 1990 and height increment (1988–90) were significantly greater in the 5 m spaced plot (P〈0.05). Although matric potential under the trees was generally greater than in the grassed rows between trees, mean penetration resistance (37–107 mm depth) was significantly greater (P〈0.01) under the trees. Even when the soil was close to field capacity, less than 10% of penetrometer readings were 〈 1 MPa under the trees, in comparison to 44% in grassed areas between trees. This demonstrates that surface compaction due to preferential treading by sheep near the base of trees was sufficient to have seriously reduced tree root growth. Penetration resistance under the 5 m spaced trees was significantly less (P〈0.05) than under the 10 m spaced trees. A technique for estimating the probability of root deflections by stones (in 35 mm depth intervals), Ps, from penetrometer readings was used. A significant relationship (P〈0.1) was found between tree height increment and depth to Ps≥0.4 in the 10 m plot.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705628
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of soil invertase in relation to the root systems ofPicea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. andAcer pseudoplatanus L. during development of young plants (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acer ; invertase ; Picea ; rhizosphere ; roots ; statistics ; trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for sampling rhizosphere soil under newly establishedPicea sitchensis andAcer pseudoplatanus. The technique involves taking soil samples to a depth of 150 mm at 100 mm intervals along transects, each 45° from its neighbour, radiating from the base of the stem. Invertase activities were measured in the soil samples and compared to their activities in fallow and rhizosphere soils. When the field soil was dry, the tree root systems were carefully excavated to retain as many fine roots as possible. The distribution of the soil invertase was matched to the spatial distribution of the roots showing the precise position of the rhizosphere relative to the initial ‘blind’ soil sampling. Statistics were applied to derive equations for calculating the percentage enzyme activity relative to that found in rhizosphere soil at various locations radiating from the base of the stem. This information was subsequently applied to soil sampled under trees of the same age as those excavated to give a non-destructive method for sampling rhizosphere soil routinely from under a large number of trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587601
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biogenic silica and phosphorus accumulation in sediments as indices of eutrophication in the Laurentian Great Lakes (1986)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 143 (1986), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; diatoms ; nutrients ; phytoplankton production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biogenic silica (BSi), total phosphorus (TP), and biologically available phosphorus (AVP) were measured in short cores from Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. Peaks in BSi concentration and peaks in BSi:TP or BSi:AVP ratios provided stratigraphic signals of water column silica (Si) depletion as a response of increased diatom production to P enrichment and decreased diatom production resulting from silica depletion. By contrast the stratigraphic record of P accumulation provided very weak signals of the historical nutrient enrichment in the water column. These results indicate that system P recycling has a higher rate constant than Si recycling and, as a consequence, that relatively small levels of P enrichment can increase diatom production and sedimentation eventually causing Si depletion and Si-limited diatom production in the water mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026648
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for counting roots observed in minirhizotrons and their theoretical conversion to root length density (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: borescope ; minirhizotron ; pasture ; root length density ; silvopastoral ; wild cherry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method for counting root intersections with observation tubes (mini- or micro-rhizotrons) is proposed that allows a theoretical conversion of root counts to estimated root length density and which is robust to the effects of tracking along the tubes. A field test showed that the method agreed well with measured root length densities in cores for wild cherry roots but not for roots of pasture species. The circumstances in which the method might be expected to perform well are discussed. Analysis of data from a field trial revealed that root counts were not uniformly distributed around the circumference of the observation tube. Implications for the design of such trials are noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010539
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiocaesium in an organic soil and the effect of treatment with the fungicide ‘Captan’ (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Captan ; ergosterol ; fungi ; plant availability ; organic soil ; radiocaesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil fungi accumulate radiocaesium from contaminated soil and it has been hypothesised that this may alter the plant availability and movement of the radionuclide in soil. The effect of twice-monthly addition of an aqueous suspension of the fungicide ‘Captan’ on the changes in a peaty podzol soil at 2 sites, contaminated 2 or 3 years earlier by the injection of 134Cs, has been quantified. The sites had different soil acidity and vegetation cover. The less acid soil (pHwater 5.0) had been improved by the addition of lime and fertilizer and was reseeded with grass and clover. The more acid soil (pHwater 3.8) was under hill grasses, herbs and heather. On both sites the addition of fungicide did not alter the amount or concentration of radiocaesium in plant material sampled monthly or the depth distribution of radiocaesium in the soil profile. The concentration of the fungal constituent, ergosterol, in the soil, measured monthly, was unaffected by the fungicide treatment but evidence was obtained from a pot experiment to show that ergosterol decomposes slowly in cold, wet soils. On the more acid soil, two weeks after the last application of fungicide, there was a decline in active fungi as measured by fluorescein diacetate staining. Chloroform fumigation of the more acid soil resulted in a small increase in the amount of 134Cs exchangeable with 1 M ammonium acetate. Radiocaesium in seven different fungi grown in pure culture was found to be almost entirely extractable (〉 95%) with 1 M ammonium acetate. Another, Amanita rubescens, showed some retention and 88% was extractable. These findings do not preclude the fungal biomass as an important soil component controlling plant availability of radiocaesium from acid, organic soils by maintaining radiocaesium in a biological cycle, but make it unlikely that any fixation by fungi in a chemical sense is involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010484
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