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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 27 (1971), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Some potentials describing electrostatic interactions between oxygen and sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium ions are tested in known organic crystal structures. The atomic and ionic coordinates may be predicted satisfactorily by locating the deepest minimum of the potential energy which depends on rotational and translational degrees of freedom.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 46-55 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Shrinkage ; Shrinkage farce ; drawn polyethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of shrinkage and shrinkage force have been undertaken on drawn polyethylenes over a wide range of temperatures. The behaviour has been studied as a function of draw ratio and molecular weight for several linear polyethylenes and polyethylene copolymers. Although complete retraction is observed on heating even the most highly drawn samples above the melting range, at lower temperatures the shrinkage is less than that of low draw material. This is attributed to the formation of a substantial degree of crystal continuity during drawing, so that shrinkage requires mobility in the crystalline phase. The shrinkage forces are very high, being comparable with the drawing stresses at corresponding temperatures, and are molecular weight dependent, increasing with increasing molecular weight. It is considered that the results presented here on shrinkage and shrinkage force provide further support for the proposition that the drawing process relates to the extension of a molecular network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyethylene ; Structure of high modulus ; Ultra-oriented polymers ; Structure of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die morphologische strukturelle Charakterisierung von ultrahoch orientierten Polymeren wird unter Berücksichtigung von Ergebnissen der Sekundärelektronenmikroskopie, der Röntgen- und Ramanstreuung der DSC und der Gelchromatographie (GPC) diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß zwischen schwach verstreckten und ultrahoch orientierten Produkten gewisse Ähnlichkeiten bestehen. So sind Fibrillen und Kristallamellen auch bei extrem hohen Verstreckverhältnissen noch beobachtbar. Andererseits sind sog. Kristallbrücken zwischen benachbarten Kristallamellen ein charakteristisches Strukturelement ultrahoch, verstreckter Strukturen. Röntgen- und GPC-Messungen zeigen daß Strukturen mit hohem Elastizitätsmodulen nicht notwendigerweise extrem lange Kristallsequenzen enthalten müssen. Selbst bei höchsten Verstreckverhältnissen überschreitet die mittlere Kristallitlänge (Gewichtsmittel) nicht 600 Å. Hierdurch wird ein statistisches Modell für die Struktur der kristallinen Phase in LPE unterstützt. Es wird betont, daß-einige Aspekte des Verstreckverhaltens und der Überhitzung von orientierten Proben besser durch topologische als durch strukturelle Gesichtspunkte erklärt werden können. Die Analyse des Deformationsvorganges und die Analogie zum Verstreckverhalten von vernetztem LPE unterstützten stark die Vorstellung, daß man es mit einem molekularen Netzwerk zu tun hat, dessen Netzpunkte durch Kristallite und amorphe Verschlaufungen gebildet werden.
    Notes: Summary The morphological and structural characterisation of ultra-oriented polymers have been reviewed in the light of evidence from a variety of techniques (SEM, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, DSC and GPC). It has been shown that similarities exist between low draw samples and ultra oriented products. Fibrils and lamellar crystals are still present at the highest draw ratios. However, a key element in these structures is the development of crystalline bridges linking adjacent lamellae. The X-ray and GPC measurements indicate that the structural continuity associated with high moduli does not involve extremely long crystalline sequences. Even at the highest draw ratios the weight average crystal size does not exceed 600 Å. These results support a model for the structure of the crystalline phase in ultra oriented LPE proposed on the basis of statistical calculations. Finally, it has been emphasized that to explain some aspects of the drawing behaviour of the polymers and the superheating effects exhibited by the oriented samples, topological rather than structural arguments have to be invoked. The analysis of the deformation process and the analogies with the drawing behaviour of cross-linked LPE strongly suggest the presence of a particular molecular network in which effective junctions are provided by the crystals and amorphous entanglements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 2781-2787 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical relaxation behaviour of high and linear low density polyethylenes has been examined using tensile dynamic mechanical measurements and compared to the deformation behaviour observed in tensile drawing. In this way the relationship between the mechanical relaxations and the tensile deformation has been investigated. It is shown that the brittle-ductile transition relates to the γ-relaxation while the yield behaviour is related to the interlamellar shear process and the c-shear process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 2355-2369 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: fracture ; fatigue ; polyethylene ; molecular weight distribution ; short chain branch content ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stepwise fatigue crack propagation in a range of polyethylene resins, some of which are candidates for use in pipes for natural gas distribution, was studied. Examination of the effect of molding conditions on fatigue crack propagation in a pipe resin indicated that fast cooling under pressure produced specimens with the same crack resistance as specimens taken from a pipe extruded from this resin. The mechanism of stepwise crack propagation in fatigue was the same as reported previously for creep loading. Observations of the region ahead of the arrested crack revealed a complex damage zone that consisted of a thick membrane at the crack tip followed by a main craze with subsidiary shear crazes that emerged from the crack tip at an angle to the main craze. The effects of molecular parameters, such as molecular weight, comonomer content, and branch distribution, on the kinetics of fatigue crack propagation were examined. Correlation of creep and fatigue crack resistance made it possible to relate fatigue fracture toughness to molecular parameters by invoking concepts of craze fibril stability developed for creep. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2355-2369, 1998
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 2331-2343 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of a number of ultra-highly drawn polyethylenes have been studied over a wide range of temperature. It is shown that the materials possess low temperature Young's moduli as high as 1.6 Mbar, a figure which approaches the theoretical and experimental values for the c-axis crystalline modulus of this polymer.The α and γ relaxation processes are still clearly discernible even at highest drawn ratios (ca. 35) and a quantitative analysis of the results, using structural data obtained from broad line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, suggests that the data are consistent with a modified series model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 14 (1976), S. 1641-1658 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The drawing behavior of a series of linear polyethylene homopolymers with weight-average molecular weight (M̄w) ranging from 67,800 to ∼3,500,000 and variable distribution (M̄w/M̄n = 5.1-20.9) has been studied. Sheets were prepared by two distinct routes: either by quenching the molten polymer into cold water or by slow cooling below the crystallization temperature (∼120°C) followed by quenching into cold water.When the samples (2 cm long) were drawn in air at 75°C using a crosshead speed of 10 cm/min it was found that for low M̄w polymers the initial thermal treatment has a dramatic effect on the rate at which the local deformation proceeds in the necked region. At high M̄w such effects are negligible. An important result was that comparatively high draw ratios (λ 〉 17) and correspondingly high Young's moduli could be obtained for a polymer with M̄w as high as 312,000. It is shown how some of the structural features of the initial materials (mainly studied by optical microscopy, small-angle x-ray scattering and low-frequency laser Raman spectroscopy) can be interpreted in terms of the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymers. Although crystallization and morphology can be important at low M̄w, it suggested that the concept of a molecular network which embraces both crystalline and noncrystalline material is more helpful in understanding the drawing behavior over the whole range of molecular weights.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The drawing behavior of linear polyethylene homopolymers with weight-average molecular weights (M̄w) from 101,450 to ca. 3,500,000 has been studied over the temperature range 75°C to the melting point. In all cases 1-cm gauge length samples were drawn in an Instron tensile testing machine at a constant cross-head speed of 10 cm/min. With the exception of the lowest molecular weight polymer, it was found that increasing the draw temperature led to substantial increases in the maximum draw ratio which could be achieved, and that this increased monotonically with increasing draw temperature. Measurements of the Young's modulus of the drawn materials showed, however, that the unique relationship between modulus and draw ratio previously established for drawing at 75°C was not maintained to the highest draw temperatures. The highest draw temperature at which this relation held was found to be strongly molecular weight dependent, increasing from ca. 80 to ca. 125°C when M̄w increased from 101,450 to 800,000. In all cases conditions could be found for drawing samples to draw ratios of 20 or more with correspondingly large values of the Young's modulus.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 19 (1981), S. 667-675 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The technique of nitric acid etching followed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) has been used to study the structure of ultrahigh-modulus linear polyethylene (LPE) tapes drawn to draw ratio λ of 20. For comparison, lower draw ratio (λ = 11) samples were also examined. The etching was carried out in fuming nitric acid at 60°C and the progress of the reaction was monitored by measuring weight loss and molecular weight distributions as a function of time over a period up to 25 days. Consistent with previous work by us and other workers, notably Porter and Peterlin and co-workers, the ultrahigh-modulus products exhibit an exceptional resistance to the acid attack, i.e., after 3 days their weight loss is still negligible while at lower draw ratios it could be as high as 30%. At longer times, however, the rate of weight loss becomes comparable for the two sets of samples, even if the absolute values are much smaller for the products of λ = 20. During the early stages of the etching treatment a rapid decrease in molecular weight and narrowing of the molecular weight distribution is observed in all cases. Eventually the molecular weight distribution becomes time independent, while the weight loss continues to increase. This stage coincides with the attack of the lateral surfaces of the crystals becoming the dominant process and it is considered that the observed molecular length distribution then reflects the distribution of crystal thicknesses. The values of the weight average crystal thickness derived from the GPC experiments (L̄w) are in very good agreement with those obtained from wide-angle x-ray determinations. Furthermore the ratio of weight-average to number-average crystal thickness (L̄w/L̄n) is about 2 for the high draw (λ = 20) samples, i.e., the value predicted by the simple statistical model proposed by Gibson, Davies, and Ward for the structure of ultrahigh-modulus LPE. It is therefore concluded that the nitric acid etching/GPC technique can be used for reliable measurements of crystal size and crystal size distribution in ultraoriented LPE.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 23 (1985), S. 1085-1085 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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