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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; Chinese hamsters ; kidney ; glucosyltransferase ; subline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A modified glucosyltransferase assay using degraded gelatin as acceptors was found to be enzyme concentration-and time-dependent in the Chinese hamster kidney extracts. In 54 Chinese hamsters selected from 7 highly inbred sublines with or without spontaneous glycosuria, the glucosyltransferase activity (0.78–3.25 unit/g) in the kidney was found to be significantly correlated (P=0.0002) to blood sugar concentrations (60–475 mg/dl). However, subline-dependent variation in glucosyltransferase activity was also evident and, in animals from 2 of the 5 diabetic sublines, similar activity of glucosyltransferase was found in their kidneys as in those of nondiabetic animals. It was concluded that renal glucosyltransferase activity was affected by blood sugar level as well as by genetically determined factor(s).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 15 (1978), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Plasma glycohydrolases ; α-D-galactosidase ; β-D-galactosidase ; N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase ; N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase ; α-D-glucosidase ; Chinese hamster ; hyperglycaemia ; diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acitivity of five glycohydrolases was measured in the plasma of Chinese hamsters from eight highly inbred lines in the Upjohn colony. The diabetic animals showed elevated activities of plasmaβ-D-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase but similar activities of plasmaα-D-glucosidase andα-D-galactosidase to the nondiabetic animals. Line-specific variation was observed in all five enzymes and anomalies were especially evident in N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase activity. In two diabetic lines, AC and Z, activities of these two enzymes were not elevated although significant correlation was found with blood sugar levels. The pronounced difference in the plasma activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase in two diabetic lines, XA and AC, did not involve plasma inhibitors or activators, as evidenced by the coincidence in observed and calculated activities in mixed plasma samples, or specific isozymes, concluded from the similar elution profiles on ionexchange column and thermostability curves. These data suggest that diabetes-related changes in plasma glycohydrolase activities are dictated by genetic factors and may be involved in the development of complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Ciglitazone ; C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice ; C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice ; β-cell granulation ; electron microscopy ; rough endoplasmic reticulum ; Golgi apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreases of treated and control male C57BL/6J-ob/ob and C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were evaluated by qualitative and morphometric microscopic techniques to determine the effects of chronic ciglitazone treatment on the morphology of β cells and surface area and number of pancreatic islets. The β cells of treated ob/ob and db/db mice displayed moderate to heavy granulation whereas most β cells of untreated obese and diabetic mice were extensively degranulated. Although moderate proliferation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus was evident in some β cells of treated db/db mice, both groups of treated ob/ob and db/db mice displayed an improved pattern of insulin synthesis and storage. In contrast, the β cells of untreated ob/ob and db/db mice were in a severe state of stress which was indicated by extensive hypertrophy of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. Some β cells of untreated db/ db mice also displayed lysosome aggregates indicative of early stages of necrosis. Morphometric analysis revealed that the surface area of islets of treated ob/ob mice was significantly smaller in comparison with that of untreated ob/ob mice. Since the surface area of islets of treated C57BL/6J-+/? mice (lean littermates of ob/ob mice) was less than that of treated ob/ob mice, the progression of islet hypertrophy in the obese mice was probably arrested or attenuated but not to the level of the treated +/? mice. The number of pancreatic islets was significantly greater in treated than in untreated db/ db mice. A majority of the islets of untreated db/db mice were atrophie and consisted of acinar and endocrine cells whereas most of the islets of treated db/db mice appeared to be intact and unremarkable. The results of this study suggest that ciglitazone is an effective hypoglycaemic agent which may directly or indirectly promote β-cell regranulation and an improved pattern of insulin synthesis and storage in ob/ob and db/db mice. However, in treated db/db mice, there still was some evidence of stress in the β cells. Overall, the prolonged treatment with ciglitazone also seemed to inhibit the hypertrophy of islets in ob/ob mice and protect the structural integrity and viability of islets in db/db mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 595-602 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Streptozotocin ; Chinese hamster ; glucagon ; glycosidases ; lactate dehydrogenase isozyme ; insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Streptozotocin treatment (125 mg/kg) in the Chinese hamster induced hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglucagonaemia and changes in body, liver, pancreas, stomach, kidney and adipose tissue weights. The pancreatic reserves of insulin and glucagon in the diabetic animals were low, but stomach glucagon high. These animals showed high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and low levels of glucokinase, hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, but normal levels of pyruvate kinase in the liver. Increases in lactate dehydrogenase subunit B and isozymes 2, 3 and 4 were also observed in the liver, but not in the epididymal fat pad, of the diabetic animals. N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase was elevated in plasma, liver and heart, but not in the kidney of the treated animals. Renal α-galactosidase and β− glucosidase were depressed, whereas β-galactosidase and α-glucosidase remained essentially normal. These features indicated that there were considerable differences between the biochemical disorders associated with streptozotocin-diabetes in the Chinese hamster and the published observations in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 274-278 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; diabetes in mice ; mutation: diabetes ; liver enzymes ; gluconeogenesis ; diet and diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 7 enzymes hépatiques ont été étudiésin vitro chez les souris diabétiques et contrôles de la souche C 57 BL/Ks, à l'âge de 1, 2, et 4 mois et demi. Avant l'apparition de l'hyperglycémic, une augmentation de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxykinase et de la glucose-6-phosphatase a été observée chez la sourisdb agée d'un mois. A l'âge de 2 mois, ces souris présentaient une hyper-glycémic, une hyperinsulinémie et une activité accrue de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxykinase, de la glucose-6-phosphatase, de la fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, de la pyruvate kinase et de la 6-phosphogluconate déhydrogénase. Chez les sourisdb de 4 mois et demi, on a observé des taux normaux d'insulinémie, une hyperglycémic sévère, une activité extrêmement élevée des enzymes de la gluconéogénèse hépatique et extrêmement réduite de ceux de la glycolyse et du cycle des pentoses. Les désordres de ces enzymes ainsi que [ceux du glucose sanguin ont pu être contrôles partielleuent en soumettant les animaux à une restriction alimentaire dès l'âge d'un mois. Des étudesin vivo ont indiqué que l'hyperglycémic résulte, en partie du moins, d'une gluconéogénèse accélérée. L'apparition du diabète chez la souris est discutée à la lumière de ces résultats.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Aktivität von 7 Enzymen der glykolytischen und gluconeogenetischen Ketten in Leberextrakten von 1, 2 und 4 1/2 Monate altendb/db Mäusen und normalen Kontrolltieren ergab folgende Resultate: Bei noch normoglykämischendb/db Mäusen im Alter von 1 Monat waren Phosphoenolpyruvat-Carboxikinase und Glucose-6-Phosphatase-Aktivität erhöht. Im Alter von 2 Monaten (manifeste Hyperglykämie und Hyperinsulinämie) waren außer den Schlüsselenzymen der Gluconeogenese auch die Aktivitäten der Pyruvat Kinase und der 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase erhöht. Bei 4 1/2 Monate altendb/db Mäusen (schwere Hyperglykämie, zur Norm abgesunkene Plasmainsulinkonzentrationen) waren die Aktivitäten der Schlüsselenzyme der Gluconeogenese stark erhöht und diejenigen der Enzyme der Glykolyse und des Pentose-Shunts erniedrigt. Einschränkung der Nahrungsaufnahme einen Monat nach Geburt verhinderte das Auftreten dieser Veränderungen nur teilweise. Auf Grund vonin vivo Experimenten wird angenommen, daß die Hyperglykämie, zumindestens teilweise, auf verstärkte Gluconeogenese zurückzuführen ist.
    Notes: Summary Seven hepatic enzymes were assayedin vitro in diabetic and control C57BL/Ks mice at 1, 2, and 41/2 month. An elevation in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase was observed before the onset of hyperglycemia in db mice at the age of 1 month. At two months, these mice had hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, pyruvate kinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. The 4 1/2 month old db mice had normal plasma insulin, severe hyperglycemia, exorbitant amount of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes and reduced quantity of glycolytic and pentose-phosphate shunt enzymes. The disturbance in enzyme activities and blood sugar was partially controlled by placing the animals on a limited diet beginning at the age of 1 month.In vivo studies indicated that hyperglycemia resulted, at least in part, from an accelerated rate of gluconeogenesis. The development of diabetes in these mice is discussed with reference to these findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Ciglitazone ; C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice and their lean littermates ; glucose turnover rate in vivo ; gluconeogenesis in vivo ; Cori cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ciglitazone is orally active in preventing and reversing the hyperglycaemic syndrome in C57BL/6J-ob/ob mice and it is only mildly and transiently hypoglycaemic in lean littermates (C57BL/6J- +/?). Its effect on glucose disposal in vivo was estimated by injecting glucose-6-3H/14C and following the specific activity of radiolabelled glucose at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after injection. The rate constants of glucose turnover were calculated to be as follows in decreasing order: treated obese (0.046/min), treated lean (0.032/min), control lean (0.026/min), and control obese (0.022/min). The obese mice showed less futile Cori cycle activity than the lean mice and ciglitazone had negligible effect on glucose recycling. The control obese mice incorporated more radiolabels in hepatic lipids, glycogen, and proteins than the control lean mice and ciglitazone further enhanced the incorporations. Ciglitazone also increased hepatic accumulations of radiolabels in the glycogen and lipid fractions in the lean littermates. Using lactate-14C as precursor, gluconeogenesis in vivo was measured in control and treated obese and lean mice. Ciglitazone significantly lowered the rate of conversion of lactate-14C to glucose-14C in the obese mice but not in the lean littermates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 44 (1999), S. S26 
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Keywords Ifosfamide ; Carboplatin ; Etoposide ; Metastatic breast cancer ; Salvage therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-five patients with metastatic breast cancer were treated with ICE after failure of previous chemotherapy. Their median age was 50 years (range 36–73). All but 1 patient had multiple sites of metastases. Nineteen (76%) patients had undergone two or more chemotherapy regimens for metastatic disease prior to ICE. The performance status (PS) of the patients was Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0:6; 1:12; 2:5; 3:2. Ifosfamide 1.25 g/m2 over 3 h D1-3 along with mesna, etoposide 80 mg/m2 D1-3 and carboplatin 300 mg/m2 D1 were given every 3 weeks. We observed a partial response in 10 patients (40%, 95% confidence interval 21–62%). The response duration ranged from 1 to 15 months with a median duration of 4.5 months. The survival of all 25 patients ranged from 10 days to 25 months, with a median of 9 months. All 25 patients were evaluable for toxicity. Thirteen patients (52%) experienced grade 4 hematological toxicity, which improved after growth factor support. Four patients had leukopenic fever, 1 had gram-negative sepsis, while 2 had Clostridium difficile enterocolitis and another had herpes zoster reactivation. Four patients (16%) experienced grade 3–4 gastrointestinal (G-I) toxicity. No hepatic or renal toxicity was observed (1 patient had microscopic hematuria). One patient died of G-I bleed, and another patient died at home of undetermined cause. We conclude that ICE is an effective salvage regimen in metastatic and refractory breast cancer, even in heavily pretreated patients, and is a tolerable treatment when used with growth factor.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chinese hamster kidney epithelial-like cells derived from highly inbred nondiabetic (AV) and diabetic (XA) genetic sublines were passaged in medium containing 100 or 400 mg/dl glucose. The effect of high medium glucose on the activities of 5 enzymes involved in glucose metabolism was followed and significant glucose-dependent difference was observed. The effects, however, were opposite in cells derived fromAV andXA sublines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 22 (1990), S. 513-535 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of NH3 pyrolysis was investigated over a wide range of conditions behind reflected shock waves. Quantitative time-history measurements of the species NH and NH2 were made using narrow-linewidth laser absorption. These records were used to establish an improved model mechanism for ammonia pyrolysis. The risetime and peak concentrations of NH and NH2 in this experimental database have also been summarized graphically.Rate coefficients for several reactions which influence the NH and NH2 profiles were fitted in the temperature range 2200 K to 2800 K. The reaction and the corresponding best fit rate coefficients are as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm NH}_{\rm 2} + {\rm H} \to {\rm NH + H}_{\rm 2} $$\end{document} with a rate coefficient of 4.0 × 1013 exp(-3650/RT) cm3 mol-1 s-1, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm NH}_{\rm 2} + {\rm NH} \to {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 2} + {\rm H}$$\end{document} with a rate coefficient of 1.5 × 1015T-0.5 cm3 mol-1 s-1 and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm NH}_{\rm 2} + {\rm NH}_{\rm 2} \to {\rm NH + NH}_{\rm 3} $$\end{document} with a rate coefficient of 5.0 × 1013 exp(-10000/RT) cm3 mol-1 s-1. The uncertainty in rate coefficient magnitude in each case is estimated to be ±50%. The temperature dependences of these rate coefficients are based on previous estimates.The experimental data from four earlier measurements of the dissociation reaction \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm NH}_{\rm 3} + {\rm M} \to {\rm NH}_{\rm 2} {\rm + H + M} $$\end{document} were reanalyzed in light of recent data for the rate of NH3 + H → NH21 + H2, and an improved rate coefficient of 2.2 × 1016 exp(-93470/RT) cm3 mol-1 s-1 in the temperature range 1740 to 3300 K was obtained. The uncertainty in the rate coefficient magnitude is estimated to be ± 15%.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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