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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: fumonisins ; Fusarium spp. ; toxigenic pattern ; poultry feeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fusarium species and fumonisin production by toxigenic strains were investigated. During 1996–1998, 158 samples of poultry feeds were collected from a factory located in the department of Río Cuarto Córdoba province, Argentina. The most common species of Fusarium were F. moniliforme (60.7%) and F. nygamai (35.4%) followed by F. semitectum, F. subglutinans, F. proliferatum, F. dlamini, F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. napiforme. Fungal counts ranged from 1 × 103 to 8 × 105 CFU/g with mean values from 1.5 × 103 to 2.3 × 105 CFU/g. The highest counts were for F. dlamini, F. subglutinans, F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. Strains of F. moniliforme, F. nygamai, and F. proliferatum were screened for their potential to produce fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) in corn grain. The samples were analysed using a modified high performance liquid chromatography method. The strains assayed, 43 strains, produced three fumonisins. There was a high degree of variability in the quantities of FB1, FB2, and FB3 produced. The toxin produced in highest levels by the majority of the strains was FB1. The range of concentration varied from 5.4 to 3,991, 1.01 to 189 and 0.4 to 765 ppm per gram of corn for FB1, FB2 and FB3 respectively. The toxigenic pattern of strains was normal, although two strains of F. moniliforme produced exceptionally high concentrations of FB3 and minor concentrations of FB2 and FB1. This is the first report from Argentina on Fusarium species in poultry feeds and fumonisin production by these strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 2 (1989), S. 631-645 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) reactions of 1,2-dinitrobenzene (1,2-DNB) with butylamine (BA) and piperidine (PIP) were investigated as a function of the amine concentration and temperature, in chloroform, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (ACN), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene and diisopropyl ether.In the set of solvents consisting of ethyl acetate, THF, ACN, DMF and DMSO, neither reaction is catalysed (kA = k1). The sequence and range of reactivity for BA and PIP are similar in these solvents. These results indicate that reactions in which nitro in the leaving group behave differently from SNAr reactions with other leaving groups, such as halogens or alkoxy groups, since an intramolecular hydrogen bond may be expected between the leaving nitro group and the ammonium H of the nucleophiles. The correlations of the rate coefficients obtained with Taft and Kamlet's solvatochromic method support these conclusions.On the other hand, these reactions show mild acceleration with relatively non-polar solvents such as the aromatics and diisopropyl ether. The donor properties of these solvents and experiments with solvent mixtures suggest the formation of electron donor-acceptor complexes between them and 1,2-DNB. Hence the preferential solvation of 1,2-DNB by the donor solvent accounts for the mechanism observed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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