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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG) polymorphism was investigated in three African groups: two belonged to the Bwa villages of Mali, and the third was a Dogon group living in the same area. The Bwa groups were characterized by the occurrence of nodular goitres, whereas the Dogon population did not show similar pathological symptoms. Females were more affected by goitre than males in the affected villages. The TBG polymorphism enabled us to demonstrate the presence of an undescribed allele (TBG C1) in these populations. The frequency of the TBG S allele was also higher than previously published in other African groups. We observed a disequilibrium in the distribution of the C and S alleles in the population, with an excess of homozygous TBG S individuals. No clear relationship between the TBG polymorphism and the number of nodules can be drawn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 92 (1993), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Human vitamin D binding protein (DBP) displays considerable polymorphism with 120 described alleles. Among these, three alleles are frequently observed, Gc 1F (pI 4.94–4.84), Gc 1S (pI 4.95–4.85) and Gc 2 (pI 5.1). Differences between these genetic forms of the protein in affinity for vitamin D metabolites have been detected by electrophoretic methods. The constant affinity (Ka) values determined in this study confirm these differences. The affinities of six rare variants were also examine. Those of the DBP genetic forms to the vitamin D derivatives 25-OH-D3 and 1,25-(OH)2-D3 seem to be related to the isoelectric point of the proteins: a high affinity corresponding to a low isoelectric point. The Gc 1A9 and 1A11 mutants were associated with higher affinity for the vitamin D derivatives and the Gc 1C1 and 1C21 mutants were deficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we extend the study of the IGHG gene RFLPs in black African persons and in some other individuals characterized by a Negroid admixture. We demonstrate a polymorphism that is much more important in black Africans, that in Caucasoids, mainly for the IGHG3 and G1 genes, the most 5′ members of the IGHG multigene family. These genes encode for the IgG3 and IgG1 subclasses, which are of crucial biological importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 8 (1960), S. 251-281 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Frontal lobe surgery is listed as one of the last procedures in the therapeutic repertoire for the treatment of pain. 2. The various operations result in sedation or improvement in the pain at the cost of an intellectual alteration. There is an undoubted relationship between the degree of pain relief and the extent of the mental deterioration. 3. The indications are affected more by the psychic context than by the type of pain. Thus chronic painful syndromes which develop in a pathological personality (psychalgie) constitute the best indications for operation. In the other painful syndromes (with mainly organic causes) the effect of frontal surgery on the affect allows one to obtain good results. However, frontal surgery ought to be reserved for patients where other methods for treating the pain have either failed or are contra-indicated. 4. There is certainly a relationship between the extent of the operative lesion on the one hand, and the pain relieving action and the seriousness of the mental deficit on the other. Moreover there is a postoperative recovery which limits the duration of the effects; the pain reappears pari passu with the extent of the mental recovery. It follows that too small a lesion will not produce a lasting effect. 5. Thus, in the choice of operation the duration of its effects must be considered. For the pain of chronic non-progressive disorders one should choose an adequately large cerebral lesion created by leucotomy. For the pain of malignant disorders with a limited duration of life, a more limited operation e. g. unilateral leucotomy or a bilateral rostral leucotomy should be utilised. 6. The collected results of the different techniques show an appreciable pain relieving effect (cure, good-result or improvement) in about 2/3 of the cases. This proportion is not maintained indefinitely and after some months the late results show an appreciable percentage of recurrences especially among the chronic pains caused by non-malignant disorders. This fact underlines the immediate impression that the best results are obtained in pain associated with cancer. 7. In the future we think that during surgical operations a systematic exploration of the frontal lobe using modern neuro-physiological techniques (e. g. response to stimulation, recording of evoked potentials) is likely to produce information on the functional organisation within the frontal lobes. From the results of these studies it will be possible to develop new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of pain.
    Abstract: Riassunto 1. La chirurgia frontale del dolore è da porre, nell'arsenale terapeutico antalgico, all'ultimo posto. 2. I diversi interventi effettuati a questo livello ottengono una sedazione o un miglioramento dello stato doloroso a prezzo di una alterazione dello psichismo. Esiste una indiscutibile relazione tra l'effetto antalgico e la sindrome mentale deficitaria. 3. Le indicazioni derivano più dalla componente psichica che dal tipo di dolore in causa. Le sindromi dolorose croniche che si sviluppano in una personalità patologica (psicalgie) costituiscono quindi le migliori indicazioni. Nelle altre sindromi dolorose (a prevalente componente organica) l'influenza della chirurgia frontale sul fattore psico-affettivo permette di ottenere dei buoni risultati. Tuttavia questa terapia deve essere riservata agli insuccessi e alle controindicazioni agli altri interventi. 4. Esiste un rapporto sicuro tra l'estensione della lesione realizzata chirurgicamente da un lato e 1'azione antalgica e 1'importanza della sindrome mentale deficitaria dall'altro lato. Tuttavia un fenomeno di ricupero nell'evoluzione postoperatoria limita gli effetti nel tempo ed il dolore riappare parallelamente al ricupero psichico. Ne risulta che un effetto duraturo necessita una lesione sufficiente. 5. La nozione di durata interviene quindi nella scelta del tipo di intervento. Per i dolori da effezioni croniche non evolutive si cercherà di ottenere una lesione piuttosto estesa utilizzando una leucotomia abbastanza larga. Per i dolori da affezioni maligne che comportano una sopravvivenza limitata, si ricorrerà ad intervenu più limitati: leucotomia unilaterale, leucotomia rostrale bilaterale ecc. 6. I risultati d'insieme delle differenti tecniche mostrano un effetto antalgico apprezzabile (guarigione, buon risultato o miglioramento) nei 2/3 dei casi circa. Questo rapporto non si mantiene nel tempo e alla fine di qualche mese i risultati tardivi dimostrano una percentuale importante di recidive soprattutto tra i dolori cronici delle affezioni non maligne. Questi fatti sottolineano le constatazioni immediate dimostrando che i migliori risultati si ottengono nelle algie cancerose. 7. Per l'avvenire noi pensiamo che una esplorazione sistematica del lobo frontale nel corso degli interventi chirurgici, secondo i procedimenti della neurofisiologia moderna (risposte alle stimolazioni, registrazione dei potenziali evocati), sarà in grado di apportare degli insegnamenti sull'organizzazione funzionale intrafrontale. Potranno forse derivare da questi studi delle prospettive terapeutiche nuove del dolore.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Eingriffe am Frontallappen stchen in der Reihe der Maßnahmen zur Schmerzbekämpfung an letzter Stelle. 2. Die verschiedenen, hier ausgeführten Eingriffe führen zu einer Dämpfung oder Besserung des Schmerzzustandes für den Preis psychischer Veränderungen. Es besteht eine notwendige Beziehung zwischen dem schmerzstillenden Effekt und dem psychischen Ausfallssyndrom. 3. Die Indikationen ergeben sich mehr aus der Einwirkung auf die Psyche als aus der Art der Schmerzverursachung. Chronische Schmerzzustände, die sich bei einer pathologischen Persönlichkeitsstruktur (Psychalgie) entwickeln, stellen deshalb die günstigsten Indikationen dar. Bei den übrigen, vorwiegend organisch bedingten Schmerzsyndromen kann die Auswirkung des frontalen Eingriffes auf die affektive Seite des Schmerzerlebnisses zu guten Ergebnissen führen. Man sollte die Indikation aber beschränken auf Fälle, bei denen andere Maßnahmen entweder versagt haben oder kontraindiziert sind. 4. Es besteht eine sichere Korrelation zwischen der Größe der operativ gesetzten Läsion einerseits und der schmerzstillenden Wirkung sowie der Schwere der psychischen Ausfälle anderseits. Die Wirkung ist außerdem zeitlich begrenzt, da zusammen mit einer Restitution der psychischen Ausfälle auch der Schmerz wieder aufzutreten pflegt. Um eine dauernde Wirkung zu erreichen, muß deshalb eine ausreichend große Läsion gesetzt werden. 5. Die Wirkungsdauer ist infolgedessen von der Art des Eingriffes abhängig. Bei Schmerzen infolge chronischer, nicht fortschreitender Leiden sollte man eine ausgedehnte Hirnschädigung durch eine große Leukotomie anstreben. Bei Schmerzen infolge maligner Erkrankungen mit begrenzter Lebenserwartung genügt eine begrenzte Intervention, entweder eine einseitige Leukotomie oder eine doppelseitige rostrale Leukotomie. 6. Im Gesamtergebnis zeigten die verschiedenen Techniken bei etwa zwei Drittel der Fälle eine ausreichende Wirkung auf die Schmerzen (Heilung, gutes Ergebnis oder Besserung). Das Ergebnis ändert sich aber mit der Dauer der Beobachtungszeit. Schon nach einigen Monaten zeigen die Spätergebnisse einen bedeutenden Prozentsatz an Versagern, besonders bei chronischen Schmerzen infolge nichtmaligner Erkrankungen. Damit bestätigen sich frühere Feststellungen, wonach die besten Ergebnisse bei Schmerzen infolge maligner Tumoren zu erreichen sind. 7. Für die Zukunft glauben wir, daß systematische, während der Operationen mit den Methoden der modernen Neurophysiologie (Reizversuche, Registrierung; von reizbeantwortenden Potentialen [„evoced potential“]) durchgeführte Untersuchungen des Frontallappens dazu beitragen werden, näheren Aufschluß über die funktionelle Organisation innerhalb des Frontallappens zu geben. Aus solchen Untersuchungen könnten sich vielleicht auch neue therapeutische Möglichkeiten der Schmerzbekämpfung ergeben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 77 (1985), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: CO2-laser neurosurgery ; tumoural haemostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors have been using CO2-laser radiation routinely for more than 2 years. After having recalled the basic thermal properties of this beam, they present their experience. The goal of this work is to point out the particular benefit of CO2-laser cautery to perform tumoral haemostasis. The technical data of this CO2-laser haemostasis are detailed for 3 main indications: 1. In cases of a precise origin of the haemorrhage, the coagulation of small intratumoural vessel necessitates a low output power: 2–4 watts in continued emission; 10–15 watts in the pulsed mode. The beam must be defocussed so as to be as large as the aimed vessel. A micro-manipulatotor is necessary for deeply located tumours. Basal meningiomas, neurinomas, giant adenomas are the best indications. 2. If a diffuse bleeding is encountered in the operative cavity the output must be a little higher: 3–8 watts in continuous mode or 15–30 watts in the pulsed mode; first the cavity is swept with a defocussed CO2-laser ray; then the few larger vessels which have not been cauterized are coagulated one by one either by laser or by bipolar coagulation. 3. The insertion zone of a meningioma can be efficiently coagulated by CO2-laser: a 150–200 watts output in the pulsed mode is necessary if the attachment is dural, a 300–400 watts pulsed output in the case of bony infiltration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 7 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We studied 201 unrelated French Basque individuals for HLA and Bf polymorphisms. The haplotypes of eighty-seven of them were deduced from family studies. The results show the frequency of the Bf F1 allele (0.1393) which is the highest one currently reported. They confirm the high frequencies of HLA-Aw19.2 and B18 previously reported in that population and show that a whole haplotype with strong linkage disequilibria, namely Aw19.2, Cw5, B18, Bf F1, DRw3 is frequent. On the other hand, the gene frequency of Bf S is decreased (0.5497) as compared with the other European Caucasoïd populations, while a slight increase in the Bf F gene frequency (0.2960) appears. These results point out that it is of importance to consider the genetic background in choosing the population where linkage disequilibria are to be studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 117 (1983), S. 324-331 
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Clinica Chimica Acta 130 (1983), S. 219-230 
    ISSN: 0009-8981
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 55 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Several models are proposed for T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) assembly and structure. However, there is little experimental data favouring directly either one or the other(s). The minimal complex appears to be composed of a TCRαβ/CD3δε,γε/ζ2 structure but at the cell membrane, multimers of this minimal structure may be formed. Quantitative cytofluometry has suggested three CD3ε chains for two TCRβ (or TCRδ) chains/complex. Such data should be repeated with monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against extracellular (EC) parts of CD3δ or CD3γ chains. In the present review, we have compared the TCR/CD3 assembly of pre-TCR, TCRγδ and TCRαβ containing complexes, and analysed the reactivity of antibodies (Abs) against the EC part of CD3δ chains. Our data suggest an alternative assembly pathway and structure of TCR/CD3 complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 53 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex assembly takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Normal TCR/CD3 complexes egress from the ER to the cis-Golgi, where the interaction with ζ2 homodimers occurs. This interaction leads to further uncontrolled transport of TCR/CD3/ζ molecules to the cell surface. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine firstly the basis for the impact of the phe195/216 = 〉 val mutations on TCR/CD3 expression in Jurkat cells, and secondly why mutated J79-cell TCRαβ/CD3 hexamers are prevented from interacting with ζ2 homodimers. We found that phe = 〉 val mutations cause serious perturbations in a so far undefined hydrophobic area formed by the two phe195/216 on β-strand F and aromatic/large hydrophobic amino acids on neighboring β-strands B and A in Cα and Cβ domains, respectively. In addition, TCR/CD3 hexamers and ζ2 homodimers colocalize in normal Jurkat T cells, in revertant J79r58 cells, and in J79 cells transfected with wild-type TCRα cDNA but not in J79 mutant cells (confocal microscopy). Furthermore, mutated TCR/CD3 complexes seem to be actively retained in the ER in J79 cells but not in revertant J79r58 cells by a nondominant mechanism. We propose that a hitherto undefined ER-retention molecule controls both the protein structure and egress of TCR/CD3 complexes from the ER of αβ and γδ T cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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