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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultra Low-Level Ion Implantation Damage Detected by p-n Junctions Biased above Breakdown (2001)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 82-84 (Nov. 2001), p. 431-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/26/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.82-84.431.pdf
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    20-ps timing resolution with single-photon avalanche diodes (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 60 (1989), S. 1104-1110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are avalanche photodiodes specifically designed for reverse bias operation above the breakdown voltage and used for detecting single optical photons. A new silicon epitaxial device structure was designed to give improved timing performance with respect to previous SPADs. Extensive tests were carried out in order to establish the timing resolution of the device in time correlated photon counting (TCPC). The timing resolution of the SPAD in terms of its full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) contribution to the overall instrumental response width is 20 ps with the detector cooled to −65 °C, and 28 ps at room temperature. This is the highest resolution so far reported for solid-state single-photon detectors. In vacuum tubes, comparable results are obtained only with special microchannel-plate photomultipliers (MCP-PMT). Results from time-resolved photoluminescence measurements in GaAs demonstrate the power of the TCPC technique when used with the new SPAD detector. With the excellent timing resolution of the SPAD and the well-known advantages of TCPC systems (high sensitivity, linearity, etc.), various applications are foreseen in areas so far dominated by streak cameras.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140324
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Four-hundred-picosecond single-photon timing with commercially available avalanche photodiodes (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1115-1121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Avalanche photodiodes biased above the breakdown voltage are an interesting alternative to photomultiplier tubes in time-correlated single-photon counting. The characteristics and performance of a commercially available device (RCA C30921S) have been investigated. The time resolution is found to improve as the excess bias above the breakdown voltage is increased. Full width at half-maximum values down to 400 ps have been measured with the detector cooled at −40 °C, and down to 460 ps at room temperature. The best results were obtained with an active quenching circuit, suitable for operation with excess bias voltage up to 40 V; at room temperature, fast gated operation was used for attaining optimum performance. Experimental data on the statistical behavior of the avalanche current pulses in these devices are reported and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139736
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance comparison of a single-photon avalanche diode with a microchannel-plate photomultiplier in time-correlated single-photon counting (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 59 (1988), S. 1148-1152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector and a proximity-focus-type microchannel-plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) are compared with respect to their performance in time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) applications. A solution of pinacyanol (1,1'-diethyl–2,2'-carbocyanine) in ethanol, which is used as a test substance with short-lived fluorescence, is excited at 620 nm with a synchronously pumped, cavity-dumped rhodamine 6G dye laser. Deconvolution analysis of the fluorescence decay with a biexponential decay model gives excellent fits to the experimental data recorded with any one of the detectors. The fluorescence lifetimes for the dominating decay component are 13±2 and 11±2 ps as measured at 635 nm with the SPAD detector and the MCP-PMT, respectively. The excellent agreement of these values and the quality of the fits show that the SPAD detector as well as the MCP-PMT can resolve fluorescence decay time constants of the order of 10 ps. This is significantly better than what had been expected on the basis of the instrumental response widths of 70 ps (FWHM) with the SPAD detector and 50 ps (FWHM) with the MCP-PMT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1140258
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    True constant fraction trigger circuit for picosecond photon-timing with ultrafast microchannel plate photomultipliers (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 2228-2237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In time correlated photon counting, the picosecond resolution offered by the reduced transit time spread of ultrafast microchannel plate (MCP) photomultipliers is fully exploited only if all other timing jitter contributions are minimized. With the ultrashort signals of MCP detectors, the commercially available circuit modules do not provide true constant fraction triggering (CFT) operation. The residual amplitude dependent time walk therefore sets the actual limit to the obtained time resolution. A new CFT scheme has been devised for obtaining true constant fraction triggering. A circuit has been accordingly developed and tested. The time walk is reduced to less than 8 ps for a 1:14 dynamic of the input signal (pulse amplitudes from 100 mV to 1.4 V) and to less than 25 ps for a 1:20 dynamic (from 70 mV to 1.4 V). It is shown that such a performance makes it possible to exploit in actual experiments the 20 ps intrinsic resolution of the fastest available MCP detectors. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1148074
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constant-fraction circuits for picosecond photon timing with microchannel plate photomultipliers (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 64 (1993), S. 118-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Since single-photon pulses of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) have statistically fluctuating amplitude, constant-fraction trigger circuits (CFTs) are normally employed for accurate timing. However, with the subnanosecond signals of microchannel-plate types (MCPs) nonideal CFT behavior is observed. A residual amplitude-dependent time walk sets the ultimate resolution in time-correlated photon counting (TCPC). We present a quantitative analysis of the problem and discuss published results. We assess the effect of pulse shaping filters and derive criteria for selecting the fast preamplifier. For MCP models with 40-ps intrinsic resolution, we show that by changing the pulse delay and attenuation ratio in the available CFTs, with minor circuit modifications, the residual time walk is strongly reduced and the detector performance can be fully exploited. For faster MCP types, with 20-ps resolution or better, the improvement is also remarkable, but we show that there is margin for further improvement and we point out criteria for designing new CFTs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144424
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improving the performance of ultrafast microchannel-plate photomultipliers in time-correlated photon counting by pulse pre-shaping (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 1072-1075 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: With ultrafast microchannel-plate (MCP) photomultipliers that produce subnanosecond pulses, the commercially available circuit modules do not provide a correct constant-fraction trigger (CFT) operation. This has a detrimental effect on the resolution obtained in time-correlated photon counting experiments. In order to circumvent this CFT limitation and better exploit the ultrafast MCP performance, a simple pulse-shaping filter has been devised and experimented with. The filter can be interposed between the MCP output and the input of any commercial CFT module, without modifying the latter. The benefit of the filter is confirmed by the experimental results. With MCP samples that produced awkward resolution curves with satellite peaks and other irregular features, the introduction of the filter regularized and narrowed the curve. Also with a setup having fairly good performance, the introduction of the filter was advantageous: the full width at half maximum (FWHM) resolution improved from 75 to 55 ps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141426
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New double constant-fraction trigger circuit for locking on laser pulse trains up to 100 MHz (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 1004-1009 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a new technique for picosecond synchronization on a 80-MHz mode-locked laser. An implementation of such technique is described, and experimental results are presented. Better than 30-ps FWHM synchronization jitter is demonstrated, with an optical pulse amplitude fluctuation of a decade. Such results confirm that single-photon-timing experiments with picosecond resolution are possible by using high-repetition-rate light pulses (i.e., without any cavity dumper).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141467
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimum amplification of microchannel-plate photomultiplier pulses for picosecond photon timing (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 2596-2601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Ultrafast microchannel-plate photomultipliers offer picosecond resolution in time-correlated photon counting, provided all additional causes of timing jitter be minimized. Here we analyze the contribution of the electronic circuit noise, mainly dependent on the fast preamplifier and no more negligible at picosecond level. Criteria are derived for minimizing this contribution by proper design or selection of the amplifier. We highlight that it does not make sense to select amplifiers with bandwidths of 3 GHz or more, looking mainly to the rise time of the fast microchannel-plate pulse and paying minor attention to the noise. We demonstrate that (i) the noise spectral amplitude has chief importance, (ii) the bandwidth providing minimum jitter is around 1 GHz, and (iii) satisfactory results are obtained with lower bandwidths, in some cases down to about 500 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142237
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance optimization of active quenching circuits for picosecond timing with single photon avalanche diodes (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 4289-4295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The front-end electronic circuitry plays a fundamental role in determining the performance obtained from ultrafast and highly sensitive photodetectors. In this paper we deal with electronic problems met working with single photon avalanche diodes for detecting single optical photons and measuring their arrival time with picosecond resolution. We describe an active quenching circuit capable of driving the detector in a remote position, connected with a coaxial cable. By minimizing the noise of the input stage we succeeded in reducing the contribution of the detector circuitry to the measured time resolution to less than 10 ps full width at half-maximum. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145384
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