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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant properties of tin (IV) oxide in unsaturated polyester thermosets (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 10 (1986), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Studies have been carried out of the effects of (1) anhydrous tin (IV) oxide and (2)β-stannic acid {hydrous tin (IV) oxide} on the flammability and smoke production of unsaturated polyesters into which halogen may be introduced as a reactive monomer during the resin synthesis. The results obtained provide evidence for a marked falme-reatedant synergism between tin and halogen, accompanied by a significant reduction in smoke from the burning polymer. The hydrous tin compound was found to be more effective than the anhydrous SnO2 both as a flame retardant and a smoke suppressant. At a 2% incorporation level β-stannic acid gave polymers with LOIs of up to ca 30 and reductions in smoke density of 50% or more compared with the standard non-halogenated resin. The mode of action of the tin compounds appears to involve both the condensed and vapour phases. In view of the generally accepted low toxicity of inorganic tin chemicals their possible use as fire-retardant additives for polymer systems should merit serious consideration.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810100107
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of inorganic tin flame retardants which suppress smoke and carbon monoxide emission from burning brominated polyester resins (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 14 (1989), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In view of the current demand for novel, non-toxic, flame- and smoke- suppressant systems for synthetic polymers, certain inorganic tin compounds have been evaluated as fire retardants in a series of commercial brominated polyester resin formulations. The results obtained clearly show that zinc hydroxystannate (ZnSn(OH)6) and zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) impart beneficial properties to the polyesters in terms of flame retardancy and smoke/carbon monoxide suppression, and the improvements in performance are, in general, superior to those exhibited by tin (IV) oxide or antimony (III) oxide. The surface area and degree of dispersion of the fire-retardant additive has been shown to have a marked effect on its efficiency and, in this connection, colloidal tin (IV) oxide is found to exhibit significantly improved flame-retardant properties compared to powdered SnO2. Simultaneous thermal analyses (TG/DTG/DTA) and related mechanistic experiments have shown that tin additives markedly increase the amount of char formed during combustion, whereas Sb2O3, a vapour-phase flame retardant, has little effect on char formation. The zinc stannates also appear to exhibit a significant vapour-phase activity, and this may account for their flame-retardant superiority to SnO2 itself.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810140105
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the fire-retardant properties of zinc hydroxystannate and antimony trioxide in halogenated polyester resins using the Cone Calorimeter method (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 17 (1993), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation of the burning behaviour of a series of halogenated polyester resin formulations has been carried out using the Cone Calorimeter technique. The data obtained clearly indicate that zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) is more effective than antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) in reducing the average and peak rates of heat release in a chlorinated resin and in decreasing the peak rate of heat release in a brominated resin. The decreases in average heat release rate in the brominated resin are similar for ZHS and Sb2O3. Hence, at an addition level of 2 phr (parts per hundred of resin), ZHS reduces the average heat release rates of a chlorinated and a brominated resin by 41% and 26%, respectively, and the peak heat release rates of the same resins by 38% and 39%, respectively. The degree of smoke suppression exhibited by ZHS in these Cone experiments is significantly greater than that given by Sb2O3. In general, the correlation between Cone Calorimeter data and results obtained using other laboratory fire tests (UL-94, LOI) is poor, except in the case of smoke density measurements, where the correlation with NBS Smoke Box data is remarkably good. No correlation is observed between the measured values of CO and CO2 output by different test methods, although it is now generally considered that small-scale fire tests cannot be used to predict gaseous concentrations in real-fire situations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810170102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of novel zinc hydroxystannate-coated fillers on the fire properties of flexible PVC (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 21 (1997), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS), at levels of 2-5 phr, and the hydrated fillers, magnesium hydroxide (MH) and alumina trihydrate (ATH), at levels of 20-50 phr, are effective flame retardants and smoke suppressants for flexible PVC. Novel ZHS-coated hydrated fillers are found to exhibit markedly improved fire-retardant properties, particularly with regard to increasing LOI values, reducing heat release rates and suppressing smoke generation, when compared with conventional uncoated forms. The ZHS coating appears to change the filler particle morphology and there is evidence that the coating is largely retained on the filler surface after melt processing into the PVC. The improved dispersion of the active tin compound in the polymer matrix leads to enhanced fire retardancy and this, in turn, allows significant reductions to be made in overall filler loading, with no loss in flame-retardant or smoke-suppressant performance. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Review: Chemistry of Tin, 2nd edition, P.J. Smith (ed). Blackie Academic & Professional, London, 1997. 578 pages. £149 (hardback). ISBN 0-7514-0385-7 (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 520-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review: The index of flame retardants. Michael and Irene Ash (compilers). Gower Publishing Ltd, Aldershot, UK, 1997, 325 pages. £95.00 hardback. ISBN 0-566-07885-6 (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 293-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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