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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time course of phenobarbital and cimetidine mediated changes in hepatic drug metabolism (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: microsomal drug metabolism ; antipyrine ; aminopyrine ; antipyrine metabolism ; phenobarbital ; cimetidine ; enzyme induction ; enzyme inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four healthy subjects were investigated weekly for 14 weeks by the antipyrine one sample saliva test, the 48-h urinary excretion of major antipyrine metabolites and the 2-h aminopyrine breath test before, during and after stimulation and inhibition of drug metabolism with phenobarbital and cimetidine, respectively. The phenobarbital-induced enhancement of antipyrine clearance (1.33–2.03 times) and of the aminopyrine breath test (0.94–1.19 times) occurred one week after beginning drug administration and persisted for 10 days after its cessation. The cimetidine-related inhibition of antipyrine clearance (0.62–0.85 times) and of the aminopyrine breath test (0.52–0.93 times) was observed 24 h after beginning cimetidine administration and subsided within two days after the last dose. During enhancement and inhibition the clearance of antipyrine to 3-hydroxymethyl-, 4-hydroxy- and norantipyrine varied as the total antipyrine clearance. The intraindividual variation in antipyrine clearance was 6–8%, and the corresponding variation in urinary excretion of antipyrine metabolites was 10–20%. It is concluded that the influence of phenobarbital and cimetidine on hepatic microsomal enzyme activity can be monitored simply by measurement of the blood concentration of the drug. Whether this simple relationship applies to other microsomally mediated drug interactions requires further evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00543794
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Therapeutic doses of codeine have no effect on acetaminophen clearance or metabolism (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 109-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: acetaminophen ; codeine ; clearance ; metabolite formation ; glucuronidation ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers ; drug interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In nine healthy volunteers, the clearance and metabolism of acetaminophen 1000 mg i.v. was evaluated with and without two concomitant oral doses of codeine in order to investigate a possible interaction. Plasma acetaminophen was followed for 720 min and urine was collected for 24 h after each dose for determination of metabolites. When codeine was coadministered, the average total clearance of acetaminophen and its clearance by glucuronidation, sulphation and mercapturate formation were 0.58 to 1.12-times the control values. It is concluded that therapeutic doses of codeine do not influence the clearance or metabolism of acetaminophen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555519
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of a very low calorie diet on the clearance of oxazepam and antipyrine in man (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 407-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: oxazepam ; antipyrine ; glucuronidation ; drug metabolism ; very low calorie diet ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A very low calorie diet (Prodi) was administered to eleven otherwise healthy obese subjects for fourteen days. The daily intake of protein was 52.7 g and carbohydrate 25.7 g, corresponding to 360 kcal. The clearance of oxazepam and antipyrine was investigated before and after the diet period. Total oxazepam clearance was 1.04 ml·min−1·kg−1 and it decreased 0.88-fold after the diet. The mean clearance of unbound oxazepam was correspondingly reduced 0.88-fold. The elimination half-life increased to 1.22-times the control value, 7.9 h. No significant change was found in the volume of distribution or protein binding of oxazepam. Antipyrine clearance, estimated by the one-sample technique, was 52.4 and 51.8 ml·min−1, before and after the diet, respectively. It appears that a very low calorie diet with a sufficient protein and a very low carbohydrate content decreases the metabolism of oxazepam by glucuro-conjugation, whereas no effect was seen on the oxidative metabolism of antipyrine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of prednisolone on antipyrine elimination in patients with obstructive lung disease (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 89-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: antipyrine ; prednisolone ; pharmacokinetics ; obstructive lung disease ; hepatic drug metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of prednisolone on the elimination of antipyrine has been investigated. The one-sample antipyrine clearance was estimated in 23 outpatients with obstructive lung disease before and after treatment with prednisolone 30 or 50 mg/day for 7 days. During prednisolone administration antipyrine clearance decreased from 54.9±14.8 to 51.7±14.6 ml/min (mean±SD; p〈0.05). The results indicate that prednisolone decreases the rate of antipyrine elimination, but not to an extent suggesting a clinically important change in hepatic drug metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610387
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of dose and route of administration on disposition of metronidazole and its major metabolites (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 30 (1986), S. 467-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metronidazole ; metabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of dose and route of administration on the kinetics of metronidazole and its major metabolites has been investigated in 8 healthy volunteers given 0.5 and 2.0 g i.v. and p.o. Metronidazole elimination kinetics from plasma could be described by an open two-compartment model. The systemic oral bioavailability of both doses was approximately 1. The total systemic clearance of the intravenous 2.0 g dose was 9% lower than that of the 0.5 g dose (p〈0.05). There were no significant dose-related differences in volume or rate of distribution. The elimination half-life was similar after the four treatments with metronidazole. The major elimination pathways, renal excretion and hepatic oxidation and glucuronidation, accounted for more than 2/3 of the total systemic clearance. Clearance both by hepatic oxidative metabolism and renal excretion was significantly lower after 2.0 than after 0.5 g i.v., whereas there was no significant difference after the oral doses. The results indicate that a high therapeutic dose of metronidazole may be eliminated at a reduced rate, but this is probably not of clinical importance. No single saturable elimination pathway was identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607962
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition and induction of metronidazole and antipyrine metabolism (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metronidazole ; antipyrine ; cimetidine ; phenobarbitone ; drug interaction ; drug metabolism ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of cimetidine, antipyrine and phenobarbitone on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous metronidazole and oral antipyrine has been examined in 7 healthy volunteers. The administration of cimetidine for 24 h before and throughout the sampling period failed to alter the total clearance of metronidazole or the rate of formation of the hydroxy metabolite, whereas the total and partial clearances of antipyrine were decreased 0.74 and 0.6–0.7-fold, respectively, Seven days of phenobarbitone or antipyrine administration increased the total clearance of metronidazole 1.51- and 1.86-fold, respectively, and the total antipyrine clearance was 1.22 or 1.46-fold increased, respectively. The rate of metronidazole hydroxylation was significantly enhanced by both enzyme inducers. The partial clearance of antipyrine to the normetabolite was significantly increased by both inducers, wheras the rate of 4-hydroxylation was significantly increased only by prior antipyrine administration. The results indicate that the hydroxylation of metronidazole is not inhibited by cimetidine, but that it is inducible by phenobarbitone or antipyrine. It is suggested that metronidazole and antipyrine are metabolized by different enzymatic pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609955
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a single oral dose of metronidazole (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 65-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metronidazole ; cimetidine ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interaction ; drug metabolism ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time course of the effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of metronidazole was investigated in 6 healthy volunteers. Cimetidine 1.0 g/day was administered for 9-days and metronidazole 500 mg was administered orally on the second and eighth days, and in a control experiment. During cimetidine treatment the plasma kinetics of metronidazole and its partial clearance by renal excretion of the unchanged compound, glucuronidation, hydroxylation and oxidation to its acetic acid metabolite were not significantly different from the control values. The results indicate that cimetidine does not influence the pharmacokinetics or metabolism of a single oral dose of metronidazole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555509
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oxazepam (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 385-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: oxazepam ; pharmacokinetics ; i.v.-/oral administration ; bioavailability ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six healthy volunteers received oxazepam 15 mg i.v. and orally at an interval of at least one week. The kinetic variables of i.v. oxazepam were: elimination half-life (t1/2β) 6.7 h, total clearance (CL) 1.07 ml·min−1·kg−1, volume of distribution (Vc) 0.27 l·kg−1 (0.21–0.49) and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) 0.59 l·kg−1. The intravenous disposition of unbound oxazepam was characterized by a clearance of 22.5ml·min−1·kg−1 and a distribution volume of 12.3 l·kg−1. After oral oxazepam the peak plasma level was reached in 1.7 to 2.8 h. The plasma t1/2β at 5.8 h was not significantly different from the i.v. value. Absorption was almost complete, with a bioavailability of 92.8%. Urinary recovery was 80.0 and 71.4% of the dose after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Renal clearance (CLR) of the glucuronide metabolite was 1.10 ml·min−1·kg−1 (0.98–1.52). Oxazepam was extensively bound to plasma protein with a free fraction of 4.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561369
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of urinary hippuric acid and o-cresol, as indices of toluene exposure, by liquid chromatography on dynamically modified silica
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 229 (1982), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-4347(00)86045-4
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motor nerve conduction velocity in asymptomatic lead workers (1979)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 43 (1979), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead workers ; Blood lead ; Nerve conduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary No difference was found between the nerve conduction velocities of the ulnar nerve of 32 lead exposed workers in the mill of a lead-zinc mine, compared to that of a control group of 14 persons. The lead exposure period was 2–37 months (mean: 12.9 months). The blood lead of the exposed group was as an average (± SD): 53 ± 16 μg per 100 ml compared to 11 ± 4 μg per 100 ml for the control group. Further studies are needed to establish a possible dose-time-response relationship for the possible, subclinical neuropathy found by some investigators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454278
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