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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the pulmonary stretch receptor in the rat (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lung ; Stretch receptors ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lappenbronchien (3./6.) (Durchmesser bei mittlerer Inspirationslage 500–700 μ) von männlichen und weiblichen Wistarratten wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Diese Bronchien entsprechen im Wandbau den mittleren Bronchioli größerer Säugetiere. Freie, verzweigte lanzettförmige Terminalfasern werden im Bindegewebe der lamina propria beschrieben. Sie sind in das elastisch muskuläre System der Bronchuswand eingebaut. Die zugehörige markhaltige afferente Nervenfaser ist verzweigt und hat einen Durchmesser von 4–6 μ. Außerdem werden efferente motorische Endigungen an der glatten Bronchialmuskulatur beschrieben. Die freien lanzettförmigen und verzweigten Terminalfasern sind möglicherweise Dehnungsrezeptoren für den Hering Breuer Reflex.
    Notes: Summary In rats the 3rd to 6th bronchi, measuring 500–700 μ in diameter during inspiration, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The histological appearance of these bronchi is comparable to that of medium sized bronchioles of larger animals. The branched and lanceolate terminals are associated with the connective tissue of the lamina propria and the smooth muscle cell layer. In this way the terminals are bound to the myoelastic system of the bronchial wall. The myelinated afferent fiber is branched and the diameter measures about 4–6 microns. Besides afferent nerve terminals these are numerous efferent endings on the smooth muscle basement laminae. It is supposed that the described receptor represents the pulmonary stretch receptor of the Hering Breuer reflex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525771
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of lamellated receptors in the skin of Rana Esculenta (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Frog ; Skin ; Lamellated encapsulated receptors ; Mechanoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lamellierte, eingekapselte Nervenendigungen, die bis zu 0,4 mm lang werden, liegen im Bindegewebe der Haut des Frosches im äußeren Drittel der zona compacta. Eine dichtere Verteilung kleinerer lamellierter eingekapselter Rezeptoren findet sich an den Volarseiten der Finger. Die Rezeptoren besitzen einen schmalen Kapselraum. In Rekonstruktionen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß bis zu sechs lamellierte eingekapselte Körperchen an einem Hauptaxon liegen. Das Hauptaxon mit einem Durchmesser von 8–12 μ gehört immer zu den größten Axonen in den cutanen Nervenfaserbündeln. Wir vermuten, daß die lamellierten eingekapselten Körperchen schnell adaptierende Mechanoreceptoren sind.
    Notes: Summary Lamellated encapsulated nerve terminals up to 0.4 mm in length are located in the skin in the outer part of the zona compacta. In the palmar side of the fingers the receptors are abundant and relatively small in size. In larger corpuscles a capsular space is evident. One main axon posesses up to six lamellated encapsulated corpuscles, as shown by reconstructions of serial sections. These axons (diameter 8–12 μ) belong to the largest fibers in cutaneous nerves. We assume these lamellated encapsulated corpuscles to be rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519772
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensory innervation of the Achilles tendon by group III and IV afferent fibers (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Afferent nerve fiber ; Nociceptor ; Sensory terminal ; Tendon innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In sympathectomized cats the innervation of the Achilles tendon by fine afferent nerve fibers was studied with semithin and ultrathin sections. Several different types of sensory endings of group III and group IV nerve fibers were identified. Of the five different types of endings in the group III range (T III endings), two are located within vessel walls. One of them ends in the circumference of the venous vessels (T III/VV). Its lanceolate terminals have characteristic receptor areas at their edges. The second type ends in the adventitia of lymphatic vessels (T III/LV). Its receptive areas are scattered along their terminal course. Two further group III endings ramify within the connective tissue compartments of the vessel-nerve-fascicles of the peritenonium externum and internum. One type is tightly surrounded by collagen fibrils (T III/PTic); the other terminates between the collagen fiber bundles (T III/PTgc). The latter arrangement recalls the ultrastructural relation between nerve terminals and collagen tissue in Golgi tendon organs. The fifth type innervates the endoneural connective tissue of small nerve fiber bundles (T III/EN). At least some of them come into close contact with bundles of collagen fibers which penetrate the perineural sheath to terminate within the endoneurium. The endings of group IV afferents (T IV endings) show a striking topographic relationship to the blood and lymphatic vessels of all connective tissue compartments of the Achilles tendon. They form penicillate endings which may contain granulated vesicles. In any event, they can easily be discriminated from the T III endings in the vessel walls. In close neighborhood to Remak bundles, a cell has been regularly found which fulfilled all ultrastructural criteria for mast cells. But this cell is not a mast cell proper because it is surrounded by a basal lamina (pseudo mast cell).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319597
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degeneration patterns of postganglionic fibers following sympathectomy (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Wallerian degeneration ; Muscle nerve ; Postganglionic nerve fiber ; Ramus communicans griseus ; Sympathectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cats the time course of degeneration following lumbal sympathectomy was studied in the ramus communicans griseus (reg) and in the nerves to the triceps surae muscle using light and electron microscopic methods. The left lumbar sympathetic trunk including its rami communicantes was removed from L2 to S1 using a lateral approach. The animals were sacrificed between 2 and 48 days after the sympathectomy. Tissue samples were taken (a) one cm proximal to the entrance of the rcg into the spinal nerve, and (b) one cm proximal to the entrance of the nerve into the muscle belly. In the reg signs of degeneration can already be recognized in the myelinated as well as in the unmyelinated axons 48h after sympathectomy. The degenerative processes in the axons reach their peak activity at about 4 days p.o. They end a weck later. Signs of the reactions of the Schwann cells and of the endoneural cells can first be seen 2 days p.o. They are most pronounced around the 8th day p.o., and last at least up to the third week. Thereafter the cicatrization processes settled to a rather steady state (total observation period 7 weeks). In the muscle nerves the first signs of an axonal degeneration of the sympathetic fibers can be recognized 4 days after surgery. The signs of axonal degeneration are most striking about 8 days p.o. They have more or less disappeared another week later. The reactions of the Schwann cells also start on the fourth day but outlast the degenerative processes by some 8 days. Thus the degenerative and reactive processes in the reg precede those in the muscle nerves by 2 days early after surgery and by 6 days 3 weeks later. Seven weeks after surgery, fragments of folded basement lamella and Remak bundles with condensed cytoplasm and numerous flat processes are persisting signs of the degeneration. In addition to the differences in time course between the proximal and the distal site of observation, it was also noted that both the axonal degeneration and the reactions of the Schwann cells are more pronounced in the rcg than in the muscle nerve. For example there was abundant mitotic activity in the central endoneural and Schwann cells whereas we could not detect such activity in the periphery. It is concluded that the time course of degeneration and the intensity of the degenerative and reactive processes is, to a considerable extent, determined by the distance between the site of nerve section and the site from which the specimen is taken. Many of the conflicting data in the literature can be explained by this finding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319596
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors in the South American blind catfish Pseudocetopsis spec (1988)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 177 (1988), S. 523-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ampullary electroreceptor ; Tuberous electroreceptor ; Sensory innervation ; Scanning and transmission electronmicroscopy ; Pseudocetopsis spec. (catfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of electroreceptors, the ampullary and the tuberous electroreceptor (silurid knollenorgan) in the epidermis of the catfish, Pseudocetopsis spec., were investigated with semithin and ultrathin serial sections. The ampullary organ contains one or two sensory cells which are embedded in supporting cells at the base of open epithelial canals. They bear some slender microvilli on their apical surface and form several synaptic bars. The afferent myelinated nerve fiber arborizes in the connective tissue papilla and looses its myelin sheath about 30 μm below the supporting cell layer. A second thin myelinated axon occur up to the supporting cell layer. The tuberous electroreceptor organ contains one large receptor cell. Most of the cell body is exposed to the lumen of a specialized proximal canal segment and is closely covered with microvilli. A single myelinated axon looses its myelin sheath within the supporting cell layer about 1 μm before terminating as a flat calyx at the base of the sensory cell. A functional significance of the two types of receptors will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305139
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropeptide Y- and substance P-like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat dura mater encephali (1990)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Substance P ; Immunocytochemistry ; C-fibers ; Dura mater ; Dural sinus ; Meningeal arteries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Density and pattern of nerve fibers with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) and substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) in the rat dura mater encephali were investigated by light and electron microscopy using whole-mount preparations. NPY-LI fibers are observed throughout the encephalic dura mater. A remarkable net of NPY-LI nerve fibers is located in the walls of the sagittal and transverse sinuses. Beyond that NPY-LI network, distinct NPY-LI nerve fibers or plexus occur in the rostral falx, parietal dura mater of the olfactory bulb, supratentorial dura mater, parietal dura mater of the cerebellum, tentorium cerebelli and the ventral dura mater. Electron microscopic studies reveal that NPY-LI is exclusively located in unmyelinated axons of small and large nerve fiber bundles, with or without a perineural sheath. Immunopositive C-fibers are predominantly associated with the vascular bed. SP-LI nerve fibers have a moderate and more uniform distribution in the encephalic dura mater. A distinct plexus of SP-LI fibers follows the branches of the middle meningeal artery and the adjacent dura mater. SP-LI fibers are most prominent in the parietal dura mater of the cerebellum. Fine beaded SP-LI fibers, arising from larger SP-LI fiber bundles, are observed in close association to the capillary bed. SP-LI axons are all unmyelinated. They are found in larger nerve fiber bundles with a perineural sheath or in Schwann cells lacking any perineural sheath. The function of NPY-LI and SP-LI nerve fibers in the rat dura mater is discussed in relation to their topography, density and termination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02433496
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nerve fibres and their terminals of the dura mater encephali of the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1987), S. 289-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dura mater encephali ; Sensory receptors ; Nerve fibres ; Vascular bed ; Lymphatic vessel ; Nociception ; Headache
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dura mater encephali of the rat is richly supplied by myelinated (A-axons) and unmyelinated (C-axons) nerve fibres. For the supratentorial part the main nerve supply stems from all three branches of the trigeminal nerve. Finally, 250 myelinated and 800 unmyelinated nerve fibres innervate one side of the supratentorial part. The vascular bed of the dura mater exhibits long postcapillary venules up to 200 μm in length with segments of endothelial fenestration. Lymphatic vessels occur within the dura mater. They leave the cranial cavity through the openings of the cribriform plate, rostral to the bulla tympani together with the transverse sinus, and the middle meningeal artery. The perineural sheath builds up a tube-like net containing the A- and C-axons. It is spacious in the parietal dura mater and dense at the sagittal sinus along its extension from rostral to caudal and at the confluence of sinuses. Terminals of both the A- and C-axons are of the unencapsulated type. Unencapsulated Ruffini-like receptors stemming from A-axons are found in the dural connective tissue at sites where superficial cerebral veins enter the sagittal sinus and at the confluence of sinuses. The terminations of single A-axons together with C-fibre bundles mix up in their final course in one Schwann cell to build up multiaxonal units or terminations (up to 15 axonal profiles). A morphological differentiation is made due to the topography of these terminations; firstly, in different segments of the vascular bed: postcapillary venule, venule, the sinus wall, lymphatic vessel wall, and secondly, within the dura mater: inner periosteal layer, collagenous fibre bundles of the meningeal layer and at the mesothelial cell layer of the subdural space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309843
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and function of cold receptors (1974)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 352 (1974), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Thermoreceptors ; Cold Receptor ; Ultrastructure ; Receptor Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Afferent impulses were recorded from single fibers serving cold and warm receptors in the skin of the cat's nose. The receptors were carefully tested for specificity and the receptive fields localized under the microscope with a microthermode. Each single fiber served one spot-like receptive field. The field was marked without damaging the nerve ending by inserting two thin stainless steel wires into the skin on both sides of the receptor. Investigation of semithin and ultrathin serial sections by light and electron microscopy revealed beneath each cold spot a dermal papilla which contained a single small myelinated fiber dividing into a number of unmyelinated terminals. Near the epidermis the receptor branches leave their Schwann cell envelope, penetrate the basal lamina of the epithelium, and their tips are invaginated into the cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells. The basal lamina of the epithelium fuses with that of the receptor axon. The receptor axons contain numerous mitochondria, glycogen particles and a filamentous receptor matrix with vesicles of various sizes. The described structures were absent beneath the warm spots. In addition to the cold receptors, Merkel cell neurite complexes and lamellated encapsulated endings were found that are known to be mechanoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061945
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mikropinozytose in motorischen Endplatten (1966)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 53 (1966), S. 615-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00632284
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphologisch-experimenteller Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Vorgänge bei der Verpflanzung von autologer Beckenkammspongiosa bei Hunden (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 85 (1976), S. 303-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Einheilung von autologer Beckenkammspongiosa in einem durch Plattenosteosynthese stabilisierten Kontinuitätsdefekt eines Röhrenknochens wurde an 20 erwachsenen Boxerhunden unter Verwendung der Semidünnschnittechnik untersucht. Die Durchsicht der Semidünnschnitte des transplantierten Knochengewebes, welches 1, 2, 4 und 8 Wochen nach der Transplantation entnommen wurde, ergab folgende Ergebnisse: 1. Nach 1 Woche sind zwischen den transplantierten Spongiosabälkchen Anteile des reticulären Grundgewebes des roten Knochenmarkes mit verzweigten Mesenchymzellen und Hämocytoblasten zu erkennen, welche die Transplantation überlebt haben. Auffällig ist eine große Anzahl von Osteoblasten, die zum Teil rosettenartig angeordnet sind. Nekrosen oder Makrophagen sind nicht nachweisbar. 2. 2–4 Wochen postoperativ nimmt die Osteoblastenaktivität deutlich zu, und es findet sich entlang der Grenzfläche zwischen dem Transplantat und der angrenzenden Corticalis eine Schicht neugebildeter Knochengrundsubstanz, welche auffallend dicker ist als der gleichzeitig an die verpflanzten Spongiosabälkchen angelagerte Osteoidsaum. 3. Nach 8 Wochen kommt es neben der Osteoblastentätigkeit auch zu einer vermehrten Osteoclastenaktivität, die sich an der Transplantat-Corticalis-Grenzfläche konzentriert und welche offensichtlich die Voraussetzungen für eine zunehmend festere Verzahnung des Transplantates mit dem aufnehmenden Knochen schafft.
    Notes: Summary Cell activity during the period of healing of an autogenous cancellous graft inserted into an artificial continuity defect of the ulna was studied in 20 adult dogs by light microscopy using the semithin sectioning technique. The defects were stabilised by osteosynthesis using metal plates and screws. The animals were divided into 4 groups and the autografts were investigated 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation. Histologic analysis showed, that... 1. one week after transplantation, undifferentiated cells resembling reticular cells, haemocytoblasts and many closely packed osteoblasts were scattered among the trabecular network of the autogenous cancellous graft. The survival of transplanted cells in our opinion is evident, by the absence of any sign of cell death or macrophage activity. 2. two to 4 weeks after transplantation a remarkable increase of the osteoblast activity was noted. This osteogenic cell activity was mainly directed toward bone formation along the surface of contact of the autograft with the adjoining bone and there was more than one layer of osteoblasts and osteoid. Osteoblasts were also found lying along the trabecular surface of transplanted cancellous bone, but here they were arranged in a layer, which was usually only one cell deep. 3. eight weeks after transplantation there was a remarkable change in the appearance of the autogenous cancellous graft. The activity of the multinucleated osteoclasts was significantly increased in the direction of the surface of contact of the autograft with the compact receptor bone. Evidently the osteoclasts produce the prior conditions for a closer contact of the autogenous cancellous graft with the adjoining compact bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00415193
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