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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GABA-immunoreactive cells in the rat gastrointestinal epithelium (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 179 (1989), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Gastrointestinal tract ; Epithelium ; Enteroendocrine cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Frozen sections of the corpus ventriculi, antrum pyloricum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon from animals perfusion fixed with glutaraldehyde were treated with an antiserum specific for glutaraldehyde-fixed GABA and processed by the peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Semithin plastic sections from the antrum pyloricum were treated similarly. Stained cells appeared in the epithelium of all segments examined except the corpus ventriculi. The highest density of cells was observed along the major curvature of the antrum pyloricum. Here they were located in the bottom half of the gastric glands. Many of the cells showed a process extending towards the glandular lumen. No significant staining in the epithelium appeared when the antiserum was preincubated with glutaraldehyde-GABA complexes, nor when the anti-GABA serum was exchanged with anti-glycine or preimmune serum. The present findings and previous physiological data suggest that GABA may play a role in gut endocrine regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326586
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colocalization of amino acid signal molecules in neurons and endocrine cells (1996)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 194 (1996), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuroregulators ; Hormones ; GABA ; Glutamates ; Glycine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During the last 20 to 30 years, numerous examples have been provided of neurons and endocrine cells that are able to produce, store, and in many cases release more than one type of signal molecule. Recent models propose that neurons often employ an amino acid, an amine, and one or more neuroactive peptides, and that endocrine cells may release more than one peptide hormone. In neurons, the different classes of transmitter convey fast, intermediate, and slow signalling respectively. However, a series of studies demonstrates that neurons may colocalize more than one neuroactive amino acid, and that endocrine cells may contain an amino acid along with their peptide hormone. These forms of colocalization seem to add new levels of complexity to the role of amino acids in cell signalling, suggesting that, in neurons, amino acids may interact at the receptor level, modifying the effect of each other, and that, in endocrine cells, amino acids may act together with or parallel to a peptide hormone in a paracrine or autocrine manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196310
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of GABA immunoreactivity in kainic acid-treated rabbit retina (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 100 (1994), S. 227-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Neurotoxicity ; Kainic acid ; Retina GABA ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ischaemic retinal cell degeneration seems to involve both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor over stimulation. However, different retinal cell types differ largely in their susceptibility to excitatory amino acid induced neurotoxicity. We have investigated the vulnerability of GABAergic cells in the rabbit retina to the non-NMDA receptor agonist kainic acid (KA). The distribution of GABA immunoreactivity (GABA-IR) was examined in the central inferior retina at different survival times (5 h–6 days) following an intra-ocular injection of 140 nmol KA and compared to that of control and untreated retinas. In the normal retina, the majority of GABA-positive cells (79%) were located in the inner nuclear layer (INL), in one to four cell rows next to the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and in one cell row next to the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The remainder (21%) were found in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Dense immunoreactivity was seen throughout the IPL. In the OPL, stained dots and occasional immunoreactive large processes could be seen. KA-exposed retinas processed for GABA immunocytochemistry 5 and 24 h after the injection showed an 85% reduction in the number of GABA immunoreactive cells. About the same degree of depletion was seen among GABA-IR cells located at different retinal levels. However, at these survival times, immunostaining was observed in three distinct bands in the IPL, indicating that the vulnerability to KA is not uniformly distributed among all GABAergic cells. At 48 h, an additional decrease in the number of labelled cells was noted, but immunoreactive cells were still found both in the INL and GCL. Even 6 days after KA treatment, a few stained cell bodies were seen in the INL next to the IPL, as well as a few processes in the IPL. The study shows that KA receptor overstimulation induces a marked depletion of the endogenous cellular GABA pools of the central rabbit retina, most likely as a result of GABAergic cell loss. However, a small population of GABAergic cells located in the INL appears to be less vulnerable to the toxic effects of 140 nmol KA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227193
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bursts of high-frequency stimulation trigger rapid delivery of pre-existing α-CaMKII mRNA to synapses: a mechanism in dendritic protein synthesis during long-term potentiation in adult awake rats (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 17 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Messenger ribonucleic acid encoding the alpha-subunit of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (camkII) is abundantly and constitutively expressed in dendrites of pyramidal and granule cell neurons of the adult hippocampus. Recent evidence suggests that camkII messenger ribonucleic acid is stored in a translationally dormant state within ribonucleic acid storage granules. Delivery of camkII messenger ribonucleic acid from sites of storage to sites of translation may therefore be a key step in activity-driven dendritic protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity. Here we explored possible camkII trafficking in the context of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of awake, adult rats. Long-term potentiation was induced by patterned high-frequency stimulation, synaptodendrosomes containing pinched-off dendritic spines were obtained from microdissected dentate gyrus, and messenger ribonucleic acid levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. High-frequency stimulation triggered a rapid 2.5-fold increase in camkII messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the synaptodendrosome fraction. This increase occurred in the absence of camkII upregulation in the homogenate fraction, indicating trafficking of pre-existing messenger ribonucleic acid to synaptodendrosomes. The elevation in camkII messenger ribonucleic acid was paralleled by an increase in protein expression specific to the synaptodendrosome fraction, and followed by depletion of camkII message. Activity-dependent regulation of camkII messenger ribonucleic acid and protein did not require N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation. In contrast, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation was required for induction of the immediate early genes zif268 and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein in dentate gyrus homogenates. The results support a model in which locally stored camkII messenger ribonucleic acid is rapidly transported to dendritic spines and translated during long-term potentiation in behaving rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02712.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colocalization of glutamate and glycine in bipolar cell terminals of the human retina (1994)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 98 (1994), S. 342-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glutamate ; Glycine ; Bipolar Cells ; Retina ; Human ; Colocalization ; Terminals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Human retinae from surgical specimens rapidly fixed in a glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde mixture were subjected to postembedding, immunogold immunocytochemistry of glutamate and glycine, and subsequently analysed in an electron microscope. The two amino acids were visualised in the same tissue sections by the use of two different gold particle sizes. All bipolar cell perikarya and terminals showed significant glutamate labelling with mean gold particle densities 3–4 times higher than those of the retinal, non-neural pigment epithelial and Müller cells. Bipolar cell terminals displayed significantly higher glutamate labelling density than the bipolar cell bodies, as would be expected of glutamatergic neurons. A subpopulation of the glutamate-immunolabelled bipolar cell bodies (18%) and terminals (32%) also exhibited strong glycine labelling (7–8 times that of pigment epithelial and Müller cells). These glutamate-glycine positive terminals established contacts with amacrine cell processes and ganglion cell dendrites and were localised almost exclusively at between 44% and 88% depth of the inner plexiform layer, indicating that they belong to the “ON” cone bipolar system. This subpopulation of terminals was endowed with significantly higher glycine labelling density than the glycine positive bipolar cell bodies. These results show that human bipolar cell terminals colocalise glutamate and glycine and provide the first direct demonstration of an enrichment of these two amino acids in the same presynaptic element.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228422
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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