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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of experimental rhinovirus 16 colds on airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine and interleukin-8 in nasal lavage in asthmatic subjects in vivo (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Asthma exacerbations are closely associated with respiratory virus infections. However, the pathophysiological consequences of such infections in asthma are largely unclear.Objective To examine the effect of rhinovirus 16 (RV16) infection on airway hypersensitivity to histamine. and on interleukin-8 (IL-8) in nasal lavage.Objective Twenty-seven non-smoking atopic, mildly asthmatic subjects participated in a placebo-controlled, parallel study. A dose of 0.5–2.9 ± 104 TCID50 RV16 or placebo was nasally administered. Cold symptoms were recorded by questionnaire throughout the study. Histamine challenges were performed at entry, and on days 4 and 11 after inoculation. Nasal lavages were obtained at entry, and on days 2 and 9. The response to histamine was measured by PC20 (changes expressed as doubling doses: DD). IL-8 levels were obtained by ELISA, and were expressed in ng/ml.Results RV infection was confirmed by culture of nasal lavage and/or by antibody titre rise in each of the RV16-treated subjects. Among the 19 RV16-treated subjects, eight developed severe cold symptoms. Baseline FEV1 did not change significantly during the study in either treatment group (P= 0.99). However, in the RV16-treated subjects there was a decrease in PC20 at day 4, which was most pronounced in those with a severe cold (mean change ± SEM: –1.14 ± 0.28 DD, P= 0.01). In addition. IL-8 levels increased in tbe RV16 group at days 2 and 9 (P 〈 0.001). The increase in nasal IL-8 at day 2 correlated significantly with the change in PC20 at day 4 (r=–0.48, P= 0.04).Conclusion We conclude that the severity of cold, as induced by experimental RV16 infection, is a determinant of the increase in airway hypersensitivity to histamine in patients with asthma. Our results suggest that this may be mediated by an infiammatory mechanism, involving the release of chemokines such as IL-8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00670.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A flux-difference splitting method for steady euler equations
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Computational Physics 76 (1988), S. 19-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9991
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Computer Science , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(88)90129-5
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An overrelaxation method for Euler equations in steady transonic flow
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Computational Physics 49 (1983), S. 298-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9991
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Computer Science , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(83)90128-6
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multigrid formulation of polynomial flux-difference splitting for steady Euler equations
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Computational Physics 91 (1990), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9991
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Computer Science , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(90)90009-P
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission and control of rhinovirus colds (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 3 (1987), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Common cold ; Rhinoviruses ; Epidemiology ; Antiviral agents ; Respiratory tract infections ; Air conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. Although rhinoviruses are probably the world's leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. Anti-rhinovirus drug development is also moving forward. Although there are over 100 rhinovirus serotypes, it has been found that most rhinoviruses attach to a single cell receptor by a single binding site on the virus. Also, the structure of the rhinovirus capsid is now known at the atomic level. These two pieces of knowledge about basic viral architecture appear to open new vistas for reasoned synthesis of antiviral drugs, and some promising compounds are now under investigation. Even interferon has been demonstrated useful in a family setting. On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145641
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lithium therapy and erythrocyte membrane cation carrier (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 37 (1974), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; Erythrocyte ; Na-K ATPase ; Ouabain Sensitive K+ ; Influx ; Cortisol ; Manic Depressive Psychosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasma cortisol and erythrocyte Na-K ATPase, ouabain sensitive K+ influx, lithium, sodium and potassium concentrations were measured twice when patients were on placebo and twice when they were on lithium therapy. The erythrocyte Na-K ATPase was significantly higher during the lithium than during the placebo treated period, whereas the other biochemical values measured showed no significant difference between the two phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426685
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steady laminar flow over a downstream-facing step as a critical test case for the upwind Petrov-Galerkin finite element method (1982)
    Springer
    Flow, turbulence and combustion 39 (1982), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1987
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Galerkin finite element methods based on symmetric weighting functions give oscillations in the solution of steady Navier-Stokes equations when the Reynolds number is large. To overcome this difficulty Galerkin methods with asymmetric weighting functions can be used. In the present paper a critical test case is calculated with this so-called Petrov-Galerkin method. Comparison between calculations and experiments proofs that the accuracy of the method is good, even for a Reynolds number based on mesh size as high as two hundred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389268
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multigrid method for steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations based on partial flux splitting (1989)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Steady Navier-Stokes equations ; Partial flux splitting ; Multigrid methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Flux splitting is applied to the convective part of the steady Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow. Partial upwind differences are introduced in the split first-order part, while central differences are used in the second-order part. The discrete set of equations obtained is positive, so that it can be solved by collective variants of relaxation methods. The partial upwinding is optimized in the same way as for a scalar convection-diffusion equation, but involving several Peclet numbers. It is shown that with the optimum partial upwinding accurate results can be obtained. A full multigrid method in W-cycle form, using red-black successive under-relaxation, injection and bilinear interpolation, is described. The efficiency of this method is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650090109
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multigrid method for steady incompressible navier-stokes equations based on flux difference splitting (1992)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 14 (1992), S. 1311-1323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Steady Navier-Stokes equations ; Flux difference splitting ; Multigrid methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The steady Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables are discretized in conservative form by a vertex-centred finite volume method Flux difference splitting is applied to the convective part to obtain an upwind discretization. The diffusive part is discretized in the central way.In its first-order formulation, flux difference splitting leads to a discretization of so-called vector positive type. This allows the use of classical relaxation methods in collective form. An alternating line Gauss-Seidel relaxation method is chosen here. This relaxation method is used as a smoother in a multigrid method. The components of this multigrid method are: full approximation scheme with F-cycles, bilinear prolongation, full weighting for residual restriction and injection of grid functions.Higher-order accuracy is achieved by the flux extrapolation method. In this approach the first-order convective fluxes are modified by adding second-order corrections involving flux limiting. Here the simple MinMod limiter is chosen. In the multigrid formulation the second-order discrete system is solved by defect correction.Computational results are shown for the well known GAMM backward-facing step problem and for a channel with a half-circular obstruction.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650141104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A flux-vector splitting method for steady Navier-Stokes equations (1988)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 8 (1988), S. 317-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Steady Navier-Stokes equations ; Flux-vector splitting ; Vector variants of relaxation schemes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flux-vector splitting method is applied to the convective part of the steady Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow. By the use of partial upwind differences in the split first-order part and central differences in the second-order part, a set of discrete equations is obtained which can be solved by vector variants of classical relaxation schemes. It is shown that accurate results can be obtained on one of the GAMM backward-facing step test problems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650080305
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