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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Arterial and hepatic venous concentration of substrates ; hepatic blood flow ; phenformin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of a five day pretreatment with phenformin (3 x 50 mg daily) on hepatic metabolism was studied in six healthy volunteers. Arterial and hepatic venous concentrations of substrates and hepatic blood flow were estimated during a basal period and during a low-dose lactate infusion (0,03 mmol · kg−1· min−1). The results have been compared with those obtained from untreated normal subjects in a previous study (16). During the baseline period arterial concentration of alanine and the hepatic venous concentration ratios of alanine: pyruvate andβ-hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate were significantly increased with phenformin treatment, while the balances of carbon dioxide and glucose and the fractional extraction of alanine were decreased compared to the values obtained in untreated subjects. During lactate infusion mean arterial lactate concentration was significantly increased and hepatic lactate extraction was decreased compared to untreated persons under the same conditions. In the phenformin-treated group lactate infusion resulted in hepatic output of pyruvate and the hepatic glucose balance remained unchanged compared to baseline. Since the rate of hepatic blood flow was not increased during lactate infusion a significantly smaller glucose output and lactate uptake was obtained with phenformin. These findings support the present view that the hypoglycaemic effect of biguanides is due, at least in part, to inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 18 (1980), S. 518-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 18 (1980), S. 82-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 14 (1978), S. 351-351 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 77 (1969), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Meßreihen der Himmelslicht-Polarisation in der Dämmerung von verschiedenen Meßorten wird nachgewiesen, daß die Zenitpolarisation von der troposphärischen Trübung noch in der mittleren Dämmerungsphase beeinflußt wird. Dieses Ergebnis ist für die inverse Aufgabe der Dämmerungstheorie wichtig. 3 Möglichkeiten der Erklärung dieses Effekts werden untersucht. —Aerosol im Mesopausenbereich ist die Ursache für die bekannte Stufe in der Polarisationskurve während der mittleren Dämmerungsphase. Diese Deutung kann durch die deutlichen spektralen Unterschiede gestützt werden.
    Notes: Summary It is proved by means of measuring series for skylight polarization during twilight carried out at different places that the zenith polarization is affected by the tropospheric turbidity still during the middle phase of twilight. This result is important for the inverse problem of the twilight theory. 3 approaches which explain this effect are examined. — Aerosol in the mesopause region is the cause for the well-known dip in the polarization curve during the middle phase of twilight. This interpretation can be supported by the distinct spectral differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 15 (1978), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Phenformin ; forearm metabolism ; lactic acidosis ; diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of biguanides on substrate metabolism of muscle was studied by measurement of arterial and deep venous concentrations of glucose, lactate pyruvate and oxygen and of forearm blood flow in 6 maturity onset diabetics before and after five days of oral phenformin (150mg/day). At rest, substrate balances and forearm blood flow obtained before and after treatment with phenformin did not differ significantly. During work, before treatment, a considerable muscular release of glucose (−6.64 ± 2.87 μmol/100g · min), lactate and pyruvate developed, which decreased continuously during recovery. Treatment with phenformin revealed a significant net utilisation of glucose during work (1.66 ± 1.87) and recovery (1.62 ± 0.34). An almost identical quantity of lactate and pyruvate continued to be produced during work as before. However, during recovery, lactate release was increased (untreated: −1.42 ± 0.67, treated: −2.96 ± 1.08) while pyruvate release was reduced. Accordingly, while before treatment increased deep venous L/P ratio slowly normalized during recovery (12.7 ± 2.3) it persisted after phenformin (29.7 ± 9.5). Adaptation of muscular oxygen uptake during recovery occurred within 3 minutes before treatment (8.2 ± 0.3), but not even within 5 minutes after treatment (10.8 ± 0.5). Thus phenformin enhances muscle glucose uptake and lactate release. This peripheral effect may be of clinical importance, since an eightfold increase of muscle lactate and pyruvate release was found in one case of fatal, phenformin-induced lactic acidosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 12 (1976), S. 555-561 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Arterial ; portal ; hepatic-venous substrate concentrations ; hepatic blood flow ; intravenous lactate infusion ; hepatic gluconeogenesis ; hepatic free fatty acid uptake ; hepatic ketogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 8 subjects in whom portal vein catheters had been inserted 5–6 days previously during cholecystectomy, arterial and portal concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, free fatty acids,β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate revealed no significant differences. This provided the basis for the calculation of hepatic balances from arterio-hepatic venous substrate-differences in 17 healthy volunteers. In eight of them metabolic balances were determined during elevated hepatic lactate supply. Kinetics of the substrates throughout the whole test period in 9 controls showed no gross interference from the catheterization or infusion procedure. The elevated hepatic lactate concentration caused a doubling of hepatic glucose output, which could almost entirely be accounted for by a fivefold increase of hepatic lactate uptake. This acceleration of hepatic gluconeogenesis was accompanied by a significant increment of hepatic free fatty acid uptake, whereas hepatic ketone body production did not change. These data seem to support the view that hepatic energy requirements caused by an accelerated gluconeogenesis might be covered from enhanced free fatty acid oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Inhalation of133xenon ; hepatic-venous133xenon-clearance ; portal133xenon-concentrations ; Inhalation von133Xenon ; lebervenöse133Xenon-Clearance ; portale133Xenon-Konzentrationen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch kontinuierliche Messung portaler133Xenon-Konzentrationen konnte man feststellen, daß die monoexponentielle Endkomponente der nach Inhalation von133Xenon registrierten lebervenösen133Xenon-Clearance durch die Rezirkulation des Gases aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt hervorgerufen wird. Dadurch ergab sich die Möglichkeit, die gesuchte hepatische133Xenon-Clearance durch ein klassisches “peeling off”-Verfahren aus dem Teil der lebervenösen Clearancekurve zu isolieren, der nach dem Sistieren der arteriellen Rezirkulation nur noch aus der133Xenon-Clearance des Leberparenchyms und der133Xenon-Rezirkulation aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt bestand. In allen Fällen ließ sich durch dieses einfache graphische Verfahren eine monoexponentielle Komponente mit einer Zeitkonstanten darstellen, die jener der nach Injektion des Gases erhaltenen hepatischen133Xenon-Clearance ähnelte.
    Notes: Summary After the inhalation of133xenon continuous registrations of portal133xenon concentrations showed that the monoexponential terminal component of the hepatic-venous133xenon-clearance might be due to the recirculation of the gas from the gut. Accordingly, in all the cases, with the application of the wellknown “extrapolation and peeling off” of this monoexponential terminal component from this part of the hepatic-venous133xenon-clearance, not affected any more by arterial recirculation a monoexponential133xenon-clearance could be separated. The time-constant of the latter was similar to that of the well-known specific hepatic133xenon-clearance after the application of the gas by injection into the portal vein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 55 (1977), S. 357-358 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Human forearm ; Arterial ; deepvenous glucose balance ; Muscular133xenon-washout ; Bradykinin ; Menschlicher Unterarm ; Arterio-tiefvenöse Glukosedifferenz ; Muskuläres133Xenon-Depot ; Bradykinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 4 gesunden Probanden wurde der Glukosestoffwechsel des Unterarms durch Messung der arteriellen und tiefvenösen Glukosekonzentrationen sowie durch kontinuierliche Registrierung der Muskeldurchblutung (133Xenon-Injektion) vor und während einer 25minütigen Infusion von Bradykinin (13,3 ng pro min) in die Brachialarterie studiert. Dabei kam es zu einer kontinuierlichen Steigerung der Glukoseaufnahme von 0,64±0,11 µMol auf 1,68±0,22 µMol pro 100 g×min nach 25 min Bradykinin-Infusion. Die Steigerung der Glukoseaufnahme kam sowohl durch einen geringen sofortigen Durchblutungsanstieg als auch durch eine kontinuierlich während der Infusion zunehmende muskuläre Glukoseextraktion zustande. Die Befunde zeigen, daß es neben Insulin einen weiteren physiologischen Stoff gibt, der den Glukosetransport in die Muskelzelle zu beschleunigen vermag.
    Notes: Summary Glucose metabolism of the human forearm was studied in 4 healthy volunteers by monitoring arterial deepvenous glucose concentration differences and by the determination of muscle blood flow, using133xenon as a tracer, during 25 min intrabrachial-arterial infusion of bradykinin (13.3 ng per min). During the infusion of the kinine the forearms glucose uptake rose continuously from 0.64±0.11 µmoles up to 1.68±0.22 µmoles per 100 g×min after 25 min of the infusion (p〈0.005). The enhancement of glucose uptake was partly due to the prompt small acceleration of muscle blood flow and partly to the continuously increasing glucose extraction of the forearm. From these data it is evident that besides insulin there is another physiological agent able to enhance glucose entry into the muscle cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 47 (1969), S. 814-824 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effects of insulin and of insulin combined with glucose on the carbohydrate metabolism were determined during diagnostic heart catheterisations in a total of 34 patients with congenital and acquired heart diseases. Following isolated insulin administration (0.2 U/kg) a diminution of glucose concentration and a rise in lactate and pyruvate content of the arterial blood are observed. The arterio-coronaryvenous difference, the percentual extraction, the myocardial utilisation and the O2-extraction ratios of the substrates show a marked elevation from initial levels. Under the influence of insulin (0.1 U/kg) and glucose (1 g/min) the blood sugar rises to double levels. The arterial concentrations of lactate and pyruvate show reactions similar to those found following isolated insulin administration. Twenty and thirty minutes after the infusions have started the uptake, utilisation and oxygen extraction ratio of all carbohydrates are more distinctly increased than after insulin application alone. The myocardial oxygen extraction ratio of all carbohydrates which is normally about 35 per cent more than doubles after isolated insulin administration and rises to nearly four times the initial levels under combined insulin-glucose influence. Insulin thus causes a marked rise of carbohydrate uptake and utilisation not only in the periphery but also in the myocardium. The myocardial lactate and pyruvate extraction depends mainly on the arterial concentration whereas the glucose uptake is not relative to the arterial blood sugar content. The heart muscle, however, does not adjust to sole carbohydrate usage, as reflected by a respiratory quotient below one. The disproportionately high oxygen extraction ratio of carbohydrates in relation to the respiratory quotient and an oxygen extraction ratio of all substrates over 100 per cent indicate that storage of substrates must take place in the myocardium under the influence of insulin. This storage and the oxydative degradation of carbohydrates are further intensified when glucose and insulin are administered simultaneously because due to the raised blood sugar the action of insulin is not inhibited by reactive adrenalin secretion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Insulin bzw. Insulin und Glucose auf den Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel des menschlichen Herzens wurde an insgesamt 34 Patienten mit angeborenen und erworbenen Herzfehlern im Rahmen diagnostischer Herzkatheterisationen untersucht. Nach isolierter Insulinverabreichung (0,2 E/kg) lassen sich eine Abnahme der Glucosekonzentration sowie eine Steigerung des Lactat- und Pyruvatgehaltes im arteriallen Blut beobachten. Die arteriocoronarvenösen Differenzen, prozentualen Extraktionen und myokardialen Utilisationen dieser Substrate sowie deren Beteiligung am O2-Verbrauch finden sich gegenüber dem Ausgangswert deutlich erhöht. Unter dem Einfluß von Insulin (0,1 E/kg) und Glucose (1 g/min) steigt der Blutzuckergehalt auf das Doppelte des Ausgangswertes an. Die arteriellen Konzentrationen von Lactat und Pyruvat zeigen ein ähnliches Verhalten wie nach isolierter Insulinverabreichung. Sowohl 20 als auch 30 min nach Infusionsbeginn sind Aufnahme, Verbrauch und O2-Extraktionsquotient aller Kohlenhydrate deutlicher erhöht als nach alleiniger Insulingabe. Der Anteil aller Kohlenhydrate am myokardialen O2-Verbrauch, der normalerweise bei etwa 35% liegt, erfährt nach isolierter Insulinverabreichung eine Steigerung auf mehr als das Doppelte und bei kombinierter Insulin-Glucoseeinwirkung auf annähernd das Vierfache. Somit führt Insulin nicht nur in der Peripherie, sondern auch am Herzen zu einer bedeutenden Zunahme der Kohlenhydrataufnahme und -verwertung. Dabei werden Lactat und Pyruvat weitgehend in Relation zum arteriellen Angebot extrahiert, während dieses für Glucose keine Bedeutung hat. Der Herzmuskel stellt sich aber nicht auf reine Kohlenhydratverwertung um, wie der respiratorische Quotient unter 1 beweist. Da der Anteil der Kohlenhydrate am O2-Verbrauch stärker zunimmt, als es dem respiratorischen Quotienten entspricht, und der Gesamtsauerstoffextraktionsquotient über 100% anwächst, müssen im Herzmuskel unter dem Einfluß von Insulin Speicherungsvorgänge stattfinden. Diese werden ebenso wie der oxydative Abbau der Kohlenhydrate noch intensiviert, wenn mit Insulin gleichzeitig Glucose gegeben wird, da die Insulinwirkung bei erhöhtem Blutzucker keine Beeinträchtigung durch reaktiv ausgeschüttetes Adrenalin erfährt.
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