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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 182 (1958), S. 1084-1084 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The rate at which oxygen replaces a base molecule in the above equation is sensitive to the base, as is the rate at which the oxygen molecule can be discharged afterwards. Oxygen is picked up most rapidly by the histidine complex and least rapidly by the pyridine complex. The evolution of oxygen is ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 2797-2801 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stability of the tokamak edge pedestal to ballooning modes is addressed using three-dimensional simulations of the Braginskii equations and simple analytic models. The effects of ion diamagnetic drift and the finite radial localization of the pedestal pressure gradient are found to be strongly stabilizing when δ〈δR, where δ is the pedestal half-width and δR∼ρi2/3R1/3 in the center of the pedestal. In this limit, conventional ballooning modes within the pedestal region become stable, and a stability condition is obtained in the two fluid system α/αc〈(4/3)δR/δ (stable) which is much less stringent than that predicted by local magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory (α/αc〈1). Given α∼q2Rβ/δ, this condition implies a stability limit on the pedestal β: β〈βc, where βc=(4αc/3q2)δR/R. This limit is due the onset of an ideal pressure driven "surface" instability that depends only on the pressure drop across the pedestal. Near marginal conditions, this mode has a poloidal wavenumber kθ∼1/δR, a radial envelope ∼δR(〉δ), and real frequency ω∼cs/δRR. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 1081-1084 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A stationary equilibrium of a liquid metal flowing past a cylindrical magnetic cavity is presented. The cavity has an azimuthal magnetic field and can also have an axial field. The liquid metal flow can be maintained by a sufficiently high pressure head. The scheme could be used to support a flowing liquid wall for systems producing high heat fluxes. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443 (2006), S. 553-556 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A long-standing problem in the study of space and astrophysical plasmas is to explain the production of energetic electrons as magnetic fields ‘reconnect’ and release energy. In the Earth's magnetosphere, electron energies reach hundreds of thousands of electron volts (refs ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 217 (1968), S. 935-937 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Io's orbit is approximately 6 RJ (Jovian radii), while the magnetosphere itself probably extends5 beyond 50 RJ. The radiation belt responsible for the decametric radio synchrotron emission extends6 to about 6 RJ so that Io moves deep in the magnetosphere near the belt boundary. The magnetosphere ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 3947-3956 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear simulations of collisional drift-wave turbulence are presented. Results for the Hasegawa–Wakatani equations (without magnetic shear) in 3-D are compared to former two-dimensional (2-D) simulations. In contrast to the 2-D system the 3-D situation is completely dominated by a nonlinear drive mechanism. The final state of the system is sensitive to the configuration of the computational grid since the sheared flow develops at the longest scales of the system. When magnetic shear is included, the system is linearly stable but the turbulence is self-sustained by basically the same nonlinear mechanism. Magnetic shear limits the size of the dominant eddies, so the system evolves to a stationary turbulent state independent of the computational box. Finally, it is shown that the level of turbulence in the system with magnetic shear depends sensitively on the size of the effective Larmor radius ρs compared with the characteristic transverse scale length of the eddies. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 2951-2960 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Three-dimensional (3-D) simulations of drift-resistive ballooning turbulence are presented. The turbulence is basically controlled by a parameter α, the ratio of the drift wave frequency to the ideal ballooning growth rate. If this parameter is small [α≤1, corresponding to Ohmic (OH) or low confinement phase (L-mode) plasmas], the system is dominated by ballooning turbulence, which is strongly peaked at the outside of the torus. If it is large [α≥1, corresponding to high confinement phase (H-mode) plasmas], field line curvature plays a minor role. The turbulence is nonlinearly sustained even if curvature is removed and all modes are linearly stable due to magnetic shear. In the nonlinear regime without curvature the system obeys a different scaling law compared to the low-α regime. The transport scaling is discussed in both regimes and the implications for OH, L-mode, and H-mode transport are discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 4455-4461 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The self-consistent nonlinear evolution and saturation of the dynamo, including the back reaction of the magnetic field on the flow through the Lorentz J×B force, is investigated via simulation of the fully compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The saturated state is found to be highly turbulent. The energy in the saturated magnetic field is only a small fraction of the kinetic energy in the flow which drives the dynamo. However, as the collision frequency decreases and the Reynolds number R increases, the ratio of magnetic to kinetic energy in the saturated state increases gradually. The nonlinear viscosity generated by the turbulent fluctuations rises rapidly relative to the collisional viscosity as R increases, such that the total transport of momentum remains virtually unchanged as the collisional viscosity is reduced. The scale lengths of the magnetic and velocity fluctuations both decrease as R increases, so that the scale size of the magnetic field remains comparable to the scale size of the flow. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 23-34 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Pressure forces acting on electrons are shown to dramatically alter magnetic field line reconnection in high temperature plasmas. The electron pressure introduces a new physical scale length ρs, the ion gyroradius based on the electron temperature, into the resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The single dissipation layer of resistive MHD is split into two distinct layers by this effect: a very small inner current layer and a larger flow layer. Unlike resistive MHD, the current layer is microscopic in the outflow, as well as the inflow, direction. As a consequence, the current layer is not unstable to the formation of secondary magnetic islands at low values of resistivity and patchy reconnection does not occur. The absence of a strong current sheet in the outflow region enables the magnetic nozzle controlling the outflow to open up. The magnetic reconnection rate therefore remains large as the resistivity η and ρs become small. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 991-1001 
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Three-dimensional nonlinear simulations of collisional plasma turbulence are presented to model the behavior of the edge region of tokamak discharges. Previous work is extended by including electron temperature fluctuations T˜e. The basic paradigm that turbulence and transport are controlled by resistive ballooning modes in low temperature plasma and nonlinearly driven drift wave turbulence in higher temperature regimes persists in the new system. Parallel thermal conduction strongly suppresses the ability of the electron temperature gradient ∇Te to drive the turbulence and transport everywhere except the very low temperature edge of the resistive ballooning regime. As a consequence, over most of the resistive ballooning regime only the density gradient drives the turbulence and the temperature fluctuations are convected as a passive scalar. In the drift wave regime only the density gradient acts to drive the nonlinear instability and the temperature fluctuations have a relatively strong stabilizing influence on the turbulence due to an enhanced damping of density and potential fluctuations resulting from local electron heating. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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