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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal consciousness and human self-consciousness (1982)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 1384-1391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955747
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory interneurones within the cerebellar cortex (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235206
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel fibre stimulation and the responses induced thereby in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235207
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mossy fibre-granule cell relay of the cerebellum and its inhibitory control by Golgi cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 82-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Mossy fibre input ; olgi cell inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The glomerulus in the cerebellar granular layer is composed of the three elements; the mossy fibre terminal, the granule cell dendrites and the Golgi cell axons. The afferent input to the cerebellar cortex through the glomerulus, the mossy fibre-granule cell relay (M.G.R.), and its inhibitory control by the Golgi cells were studied by recording, a) extracellular field potentials in the granular and molecular layers, b) unitary spikes of granule cells, and c) intracellular postsynaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. 2. Mossy fibres were activated by juxta-fastigial, transfolial, lateral cuneate nucleus and radial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of an adjacent folium (transfolial stimulation) could excite branches of mossy fibres under the stimulating electrode which supply other branches also to the folium under the recording electrode. This technique was utilized to distinguish the response due to mossy fibre activation from those due to the climbing fibre and Purkinje cell axons. 3. These stimulations resulted in, through the M.G.R., a powerful activation of granule cells whose axons (parallel fibres) excited in turn the Purkinje cells and the inhibitory interneurones, including the Golgi cells, in the molecular layer. 4. Field potentials and unitary spikes due to granule cell activity elicited by the stimulation of mossy fibres were markedly depressed for hundreds of milliseconds after the direct stimulation of parallel fibres (LOC stimulation). The postsynaptic potential in Purkinje cells evoked by mossy fibre activation was also depressed by the conditioning LOC stimulation in the same manner. The “spontaneous” background activities recorded from granule cells as unitary spikes and from Purkinje cells as inhibitory synaptic noise were silenced for hundreds of milliseconds after the LOC stimulation. 5. These depressions indicate that the parallel fibre activation evokes an inhibitory action upon M.G.R. On anatomical grounds this inhibition can be mediated only by the Golgi cell, and it is postulated that the inhibitory action is postsynaptic upon the dendrites of granule cells. 6. It is concluded that the Golgi cell inhibition regulates the mossy fibre input to the cerebellar cortex at the M.G.R. by a form of negative feed-back.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235211
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellularly recorded responses of the cerebellar Purkinje cells (1966)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236869
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of electrical potentials evoked in the cerebellar anterior lobe by stimulation of hindlimb and forelimb nerves (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 171-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Evoked responses ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses were evoked in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum by volleys in group I and II fibers of forelimb and hindlimb nerves — cutaneous, muscular, joint and fascial. These responses have been observed along microelectrode tracks that traverse the whole depth of the anterior lobe. These tracks have been identified in histological sections, and the recording sites along these tracks have been determined. It has been shown that there are many distinguishing features for the responses produced by the two types of afferent input to the cerebellum: climbing fibers and mossy fibers. The depth profiles are of particular importance in the differentiation of the CF and MF responses, and they correspond to those already determined for the exposed surface areas of the cerebellar cortex. As would be expected from the distribution of synapses by the CF fibers to the Purkinje cell dendrites, there is a maximum extracellular negativity deep in the molecular layer with sources superficial and deep thereto. In contrast, the mossy fiber input produces a powerful synaptic excitation in the granular layer, which is recorded there as a negative wave (N2). The mossy fiber input by sequential relay also produces a negative wave (N3) in the molecular layer. This wave is distinguished from the CF-evoked negative wave because it is not reversed in the fissura and the adjacent superficial molecular layer. An important distinguishing feature of the MF- and CF-evoked responses is that the latencies of the former are shorter by 6–12 msec for forelimb nerves and by 9–15 msec for hindlimb nerves. It is thus possible to measure the sizes of the MF and CF responses in the same traces. Another distinguishing feature is the failure of the CF responses with stimulus frequencies of 5–15/sec, whereas the MF-evoked potentials are well maintained above 15/sec. Also CF-evoked responses show much more size and latency variance than the MF-evoked responses, and often the facilitation of two or three volleys is required in order to evoke a stable CF response. By utilizing these various tests it is always possible to distinguish between the CF- and the MF-evoked responses recorded along the microelectrode tracks in the anterior lobe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235123
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pathways responsible for excitation and inhibition of fastigial neurones (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 78-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Fastigial nucleus ; Lateral reticular nucleus ; Inferior olive ; Neuronal computation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A detailed study of the latencies of the excitatory responses of fastigial cells disclosed an unexpected anomaly. Except for infrequent small responses the latency was many milliseconds longer than would be expected for excitation by axon collaterals of the fast spino-cerebellar pathways. There were many examples in which inhibition had an earlier onset than excitation; nevertheless the inhibitory latency was not so brief as to preclude its production by Purkyně cell discharge in response to the fast spino-cerebellar pathways. Histograms have been constructed for the latencies of the excitation and inhibition evoked in fastigial cells by four kinds of inputs: nerve volleys from forelimb and hindlimb; pad taps from forelimb and hindlimb. Electrical stimulation of the lateral reticular nucleus on the same side very effectively excited fastigial cells, usually with the latency expected for monosynaptic excitation. It was therefore postulated that with forelimb and hindlimb stimulation the dominant mode of excitation of fastigial cells was by excitatory collaterals from the spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway. Stimulation of the contralateral inferior olive also was effective in evoking a short latency excitation of fastigial cells. It was therefore assumed that collaterals from the spino-olivo-cerebellar pathway provide an additional excitatory input to fastigial cells. A diagram was constructed in space-time coordinates graphically expressing the timing of the various excitatory and inhibitory pathways by which a hindlimb nerve stimulus acts on fastigial cells. An interesting design feature is thereby disclosed, namely that the dominant excitatory input to the fastigial cells via the slower spino-cerebellar paths is virtually synchronous with the inhibitory input from Purkyně cells discharging in response to the fast spino-cerebellar input. It is pointed out that the temporal pattern gives optimal conditions for the computer-like operation of the fastigial nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233396
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the inhibitory actions of Golgi cells and of basket cells (1967)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 3 (1967), S. 81-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar inhibition ; Golgi cells ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells ; Granule cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. There has been a comparative study of two kinds of inhibition in the cerebellar cortex: basket cell inhibition of Purkinje cells; and Golgi cell inhibition of granule cells. These inhibitory actions were assayed by the degree of inhibition of the potential waves that juxta-fastigial (J.F.) stimulation evoked in the granular or molecular layers: basket cell inhibition by the N1 wave generated by antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells; and Golgi cell inhibition of the N3 or P2 waves evoked by the mossy fibre volley in the molecular and granular layers respectively. 2. The Golgi cell inhibition produced by a parallel fibre volley (LOC stimulation) extended transversely for no more than 200 μ on either side of the narrow beam of the excited parallel fibres, whereas the spread of basket cell inhibition was much larger — to as far as 1 mm. 3. When activated by the on-beam LOC stimulation, the Golgi cell and the basket cell inhibition showed much the same threshold of the stimulation. The off-beam LOC stimulation produced only the basket cell inhibition which is in conformity with the different transverse distributions described in (2) above. 4. When evoked by J. F. or trans-folial (T. F.) stimulation, the Golgi cell inhibition had a much lower threshold than the basket cell inhibition. It is suggested that in part at least this is attributable to the direct synaptic connection from mossy fibres to Golgi cells. 5. The Golgi cell inhibition elicited by the LOC stimulation showed a relatively short time course, the maximum being attained by about 10 msec, after which there was an approximately exponential decrease so that the total duration was only about 100 msec. On the other hand, the basket cell inhibition had a much slower time course, maximum being attained at a latency of 20 to 40 msec, the total duration being even in excess of 200 msec. Suggestions are made with respect to the factors responsible for the slow time course of the basket cell inhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234471
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topographical investigations on the climbing fiber inputs from forelimb and hindlimb afferents to the cerebellar anterior lobe (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 195-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Climbing fiber input ; Somatotopy of climbing fiber input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Volleys in group I and II fibers of muscle nerves and group II fibers of cutaneous, joint and fascial nerves have evoked CF responses in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. In the pars intermedia there is a fairly sharp somatotopic localization of the forelimb CF responses to the Vth lobule (Larsell) and the hindlimb to the IVth and IIIrd lobules. In the vermis there is much more admixture, with the hindlimb-evoked responses tending to dominate in the lateral vermis of the Vth lobule, and the forelimb more medially. In the IVth and IIIrd lobules forelimb responses were rare and were never large. In the medial vermis up to 1–1.7 mm from the midline there were no CF-evoked responses from the limb nerves. These distributions of CF-evoked responses are remarkably different from those reported by Oscarsson, and consideration is given to the factors responsible for this discrepancy. A more detailed examination was made of the CF-evoked responses from a large variety of hindlimb and forelimb nerves. Observations were made along many tracks usually arranged in a transverse plane, and it was found that between different recording sites along the same track or along adjacent tracks, there was a great deal of variation in the relative magnitudes of the CF-evoked responses from the different nerves. These distributions have an ill-defined patchy character so that at any focus there is opportunity for the most diverse kinds of piecemeal integration. These findings on the CF-input are considered in relationship to the mossy fiber input. It is pointed out that the pathways conveying CF-input to the cerebellum have a level of discriminative input adequate for the operation of fine control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235124
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatoiopic studies on cerebellar fastigial cells (1974)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 19 (1974), S. 100-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Fastigial neurones ; Somatotopy ; Cerebellar function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The somatotopic inputs into fastigial cells have been studied in relation to cutaneous mechanoreceptors of forelimb and hindlimb. Some fastigial cells were very discriminative, not only in respect of the limb, but also to restricted areas of hairy skin and related toe pads. Others were much less so, forelimb and hindlimb cutaneous receptors evoking similar excitatory-inhibitory responses. In addition, from the contralateral hindlimb, responses were evoked which were comparable with those from the ipsilateral limb. Somatotopic diagrams have been constructed which show in four experiments the sites of fastigial cells in the parasagittal plane of the microelectrode tracks. For each experiment four separate plottings give a comparison of the sizes of responses evoked for forelimb and hindlimb: excitation from nerve volleys; inhibition from nerve volleys; excitation from pad taps; inhibition from pad taps. In this way it is shown that fastigial cells with similar somatotopic relations often occur in clusters, particularly when assessed by their inhibitory responses. Since fastigial inhibition is largely due to Purkyně cells, there is an attempt to correlate the somatotopic relations of Purkyně cells with the somatotopy of fastigial cell inhibition. The excitation of fastigial cells exhibits less somatotopic discrimination, which conforms with the poor somatotopic discrimination of cells of the lateral reticular nucleus. In a final discussion there is consideration of two principal projections from the vermis of the anterior lobe: Purkyně cells inhibiting Deiters neur; Purkyně cells inhibiting fastigial cells which in turn monosynaptically excite Deiters neurones, the inhibition of Deiters neurones being then by disfacilitation. The degree of forelimb-hindlimb convergence in these pathways is reconsidered and is diagrammatically illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233397
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